1. The garden flower Salpiglosis sinuate ("painted tongue") come in different colors. Several crosses are made between true- breeding parental strains to produce F₁ plants, which are in turn self-fertilized to produce F2 progeny. Parents Red x blue Lavender x F₁ phenotypes All red All lavender F2 phenotypes 102 red, 33 blue 149 lavender.
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- More Crosses with Pea Plants: The Principle of Independent Assortment Determine the possible genotypes of the following parents by analyzing the phenotypes of their children. In this case, we will assume that brown eyes (B) is dominant to blue (b) and that right-handedness (R) is dominant to left-handedness (r). a. Parents: brown eyes, right-handed brown eyes, right-handed Offspring: 3/4 brown eyes, right-handed 1/4 blue eyes, right-handed b. Parents: brown eyes, right-handed blue eyes, right-handed Offspring: 6/16 blue eyes, right-handed 2/16 blue eyes, left-handed 6/16 brown eyes, right-handed 2/16 brown eyes, left-handed c. Parents: brown eyes, right-handed blue eyes, left-handed Offspring: 1/4 brown eyes, right-handed 1/4 brown eyes, left-handed 1/4 blue eyes, right-handed 1/4 blue eyes, left-handedIn snapdragons, red flower color (R) is incompletely dominant over white flower color (r). The hybrids or heterozygous plants (Rr) are pink in color. a) Show the genotype for a white flower and for a red flower. b) If a red-flowered plant is crossed with a white-flowered plant, what are the genotypes and phenotypes of the F1 generation plants? c) What genotypes and phenotypes will be produced in the F2 generation? d) How did the genotypic and phenotypic ratio compare to each other in this incomplete dominance cross? e) What would the phenotypic ratio have been if this had been complete dominance? f) What kind of offspring can be produced if a red-flowered plant is crossed with a pink-flowered plant? g) What kind of offspring is/are produced if a pink-flowered plant is crossed with a white-flowered plant?For the cross: PpAa x PpAa P = purple flowers (Dominant) p = white flowers A = axial flowers (Dominant) a = terminal flowers a. What are the possible gamete classes that can form from these parents? b. What are the expected offspring genotype classes and ratios/proportions/fractions which will result from the cross? c. What are the expected offspring phenotype classes and ratios/proportions/fractions which will result from the cross? 2. Predict ratios/proportions/fractions of genotypes and phenotypes of the following crosses. T = tall stem t = dwarf stem P = purple flowers p = white flowers G = green pods g = yellow pods A = axial flowers a = terminal flowers R = round peas r = wrinkled seeds A. ttPp x Ttpp B. GgRr x ggRr C. PpGg x ppgg
- Three genes in fruit flies affect a particular trait, andone dominant allele of each gene is necessary to get awild-type phenotype.a. What phenotypic ratios would you predict amongthe progeny if you crossed triply heterozygous flies?b. You cross a particular wild-type male in successionwith three tester strains. In the cross with one testerstrain (AA bb cc), only 1/4 of the progeny are wildtype. In the crosses involving the other two testerstrains (aa BB cc and aa bb CC), half of the progeny are wild type. What is the genotype of thewild-type male?In cucumbers, orange fruit color (R) is dominant over cream fruit color (r). A cucumber plant homozygous for orange fruit is crossed with a plant homozygous for cream fruit. The F1 are intercrossed to produce the F2.a. Give the genotypes and phenotypes of the parents, the F1, and the F2.b. Give the genotypes and phenotypes of the offspring of a backcrossbetween the F1 and the orange-fruited parent.c. Give the genotypes and phenotypes of a backcross between the F1 and the cream-fruited parent3. You perform a cross between two true-breedingstrains of zucchini. One has green fruit and the otherhas yellow fruit. The F1 plants are all green, butwhen these are crossed, the F2 plants consist of9 green : 7 yellow.a. Explain this result. What were the genotypes of thetwo parental strains?b. Indicate the phenotypes, with frequencies, of theprogeny of a testcross of the F1 plants.c. Describe the epistasis interactions observed.d. Suppose that the dominant alleles specify functional enzymes, and the recessive alleles are nonfunctional. Propose a biochemical pathway thatcould explain the gene interactions.e. Is it possible to cross two different pure-breedingyellow zucchini strains and obtain all green progeny? What would be the genotypes of the parentsand progeny? f. Assuming that wild-type zucchini are green, howwould you describe the phenomenon that occurredin the F1 of part (e)?
- A. Consider this cross before answering the following questions:A pea plant heterozygous for the first trait and recessive for the second trait is crossed with a pea plant heterozygous for the first trait and homozygous-dominant for the second trait. 1. If the first gene is demonstrating dominant epistasis to the second gene, what is the probability that the F1 progeny will expressa. the dominant feature for the second trait?b. the recessive feature for the second trait?c. Neither dominant nor recessive features for the second trait?Two genes in tomatoes are 61 mu apart; normal fruit (F) is dominantto fasciated (flattened) fruit ( f ), and normal number of leaves(Lf ) is dominant to leafy (lf ). A true-breeding plant with normalleaves and fruit was crossed to a leafy plant with fasciated fruit.The F1 offspring were then crossed to leafy plants with fasciatedfruit. If this cross produced 600 offspring, what are the expectednumbers of plants in each of the four possible categories: normalleaves, normal fruit; normal leaves, fasciated fruit; leafy, normalfruit; and leafy, fasciated fruit?shows the results of a cross between a tall pea plant and a short pea plant. a. What phenotypes and proportions will be produced if a tall F1 plant is backcrossed to the short parent? b. What phenotypes and proportions will be produced if a tall F1 plant is backcrossed to the tall parent?
- Pigment in the mouse is produced only when the C allele is present.Individuals of the cc genotype have no color. If color is present,it may be determined by the A and a alleles. AA or Aa resultsin agouti color, whereas aa results in black coats.(a) What F1 and F2 genotypic and phenotypic ratios areobtained from a cross between AACC and aacc mice?(b) In the three crosses shown here between agouti femaleswhose genotypes were unknown and males of the aaccgenotype, what are the genotypes of the female parents foreach of the following phenotypic ratios? (1) 8 agouti (2) 9 agouti (3) 4 agouti8 colorless 10 black 5 black 10 colorlessWhat does a Punnett square tell you? a.The inheritance pattern for a pair of alleles b.The phenotype probabilities of offspring for a given cross c.The number of offspring who will have a particular genotype for a given cross d.The genotype probabilities of offspring for a given cross 2.What would be the most likely karyotype for somebody described as “hemizygous positive for a Y-linked trait”? a.Y+ Y+ b.X Y+ c.X+ Y+ d.X+ Y- 3.X-linked ichthyosis is an X-linked recessive trait that manifests in part as dry, scaly skin (“ichthy-” = fish or fish like). Suppose a couple are considering having a child together. Parent A is heterozygous for the ichthyosis allele while Parent B is hemizygous negative for the ichthyosis allele. What is the probability their child would be unafflicted with ichthyosis but be a carrier of the ichthyosis-causing allele? a.0% b.25% c.50% d.75% e.100% 4.If somebody has the phenotype of…In a plant, green is dominant over white leaf; long is dominant over round shape. a. How many total genotypes are possible in the offsprings of a dihybrid cross? Show the Punnet square. b. Give the phenotypic and genotypic ratios. c. What is the probability of obtaining a plant with white, round shaped leaves?