1. The lactose operon is controlled by both lactose and glucose. Fill in the following table to indicate what would be occurring under different cellular conditions Lactose absent present absent present Glucose Operon Activity (high/low) absent absent present present lov high 10W high Repressor CAMP (bound/free) (high/low) bound free bound will high high low low CAP (bound/free) bound bound
Q: As a result of the rotation about its six bonds, DNA can exist in a variety of forms. Determine…
A: The Watson and Crick double helical DNA explains the B form of DNA. The other forms of DNA are A, C,…
Q: COPII-coated vesicles bud out of the TGN to transport proteins to the lysosomes. True False
A: COP II coat proteins direct protein and membrane trafficking in between early compartments of the…
Q: Which of the following is a type of irreversible enzyme inhibitor A) Mechanism-based (suicide)…
A:
Q: The purpose of the progress curve is to determine if an enzymatic reaction rate remains constant for…
A: Progress curve is the measure of enzymatic velocity in a reaction. Velocity is given by the rate of…
Q: Please explain why hydrolysis of ATP can release much energy by describing how the products of ATP…
A: ATP hydrolysis is the catabolic reaction process in which chemical energy that is stored in the…
Q: Indicate whether each of the following descriptions concerning the molecule sphingosine is true or…
A: Phospholipids are compound lipids composed of fatty acids, alcohol, phosphate group, and nitrogenous…
Q: The highest level of structural complexity completely retained by the molten globule state of a…
A: The term "molten globule state of a protein "refers to the diverse types of partially-folded protein…
Q: How do you compute quantum yield (Φ) and what does the value tell you about the plant?
A: Photosynthesis is a process that converts light energy into chemical energy. A photochemical…
Q: A 0.150 M sodium chloride solution is referred to as a physiological saline solution because it has…
A: Molecular weight of sodium chloride (NaCl) is 58.44 from the periodic table of elements. Also, it is…
Q: nder what conditions may secondary hypolipidaemia occur?
A: Hypolipidemia is defined as the condition in which the total cholesterol level is less than < 120…
Q: reaction= Acetaldehyde +NADH +H+ ethanol +NAD+ Describe two procedural changes that would have…
A: The end product of glycolysis is pyruvate. Pyruvate has two possible fates: in presence of oxygen,…
Q: Norelly. 16-27 How does chitin differ from cellulose in structure and func- tion? Biochemistry Name…
A: Chitin is a polysaccharide-based fibrous substance that is the primary component of the exoskeleton…
Q: 3. From a cell's point-of-view, which one or more of the following is/are the most effective (and…
A: The chemical equilibrium in a chemical reaction is reached when both the concentration of reactants…
Q: 3. Compare and contrast how thiolase and chymotrypsin creates and stabilizes its intermediates.
A: Enzymes are highly specialized proteins that have extraordinary catalytic power, greater than that…
Q: H H-C=0 ATP H-C-OH HO-C-H V H-COH HOOH Hexokinase H-C-OHO meras-C-OHO kinase H OH H-C-O-P-O H o- HO…
A: Glycolysis is a metabolic pathway during which glucose molecule splits into pyruvate molecules with…
Q: Match the following experimental methods with their specialty procedures and objectives.…
A: There are experimental methods that are used in biological processes. Autoradiography, the use of…
Q: 1. Consider the reaction: succinyl-CoA succinate H3C H3C C H₂ a. What kind of reaction is being…
A: Acetyl CoA produced from fatty acid oxidation in the hepatic cells has two possible fates: enter…
Q: Explain IN DETAIL the reactions and processes of alcoholic and lactic acid fermentation. Include…
A: The process of cellular respiration leads to catabolism of pyruvate after the glycolytic pathway.The…
Q: The textbook author admits the number of protons pumped from the matrix to inter-membrane space by…
A: Given that the number of protons pumped per NADH molecules is 10 and 6 for FADH2. Also, 3 protons…
Q: There are eight chemical reactions that occur in the citric acid cycle process. The reactions of…
A: The Krebs cycle or citric acid cycle occurs in the mitochondria and provides electrons for oxidative…
Q: Calculate the ∆G°' for the complete oxidation of acetate (C2H3O2-) to CO2 by: a) aerobic metabolism…
A: In a general reaction such as: aA + bB ⇌ cC + dD At equilibrium (steady state), the concentration of…
Q: Below is the skeletal formula of a molecule typically found in cell membranes. What type of molecule…
A: The biological membrane that surrounds a living cell is called the cell membrane. The structure of…
Q: Which of the following modes of transport across biological membranes is driven by a chemical…
A: The cell membrane is a phospholipid bilayer that allows the passage of small and non polar molecules…
Q: How many molecules of NADH and FADH2 are made if one glucose molecule goes through glycolysis and…
A: Cellular respiration is a collection of three metabolic pathways that generate ATP the energy…
Q: At a substrate concentration that is much greater than the Km for the reaction, which statement is…
A: An increase in the substrate concentration increases the reaction velocity. The reaction reaches…
Q: Explain from a chemical stand point why ATP has a high phosphoryl-transfer potential. Make sure to…
A: ATP or Adenine Triphosphate is nucleotide made up of ribose sugar attached to Adenine and phosphate.…
Q: 1. The structure is a monomeric unit of what polynucleotide: DNA or RNA? 2. What is the bond that…
A: The four types of macromolecules are nucleic acid, protein, lipid and carbohydrate. The nucleic…
Q: 2. Enzymes A) have highest affinity for the substrate B) have highest affinity for the product C)…
A: In the enzyme active site is the region of the enzyme where the substrate binds and catalysis…
Q: Classify each phrase as describing an enzyme, an active site, or a substrate. Enzyme may be a…
A: At physiological conditions within the cells the biochemical reactions do not occur at appreciable…
Q: Which of the following B vitamins is used in the conversion of pyruvate to oxaloacetate? Biotin…
A: Different forms of Vitamin B act as cofactors in many enzyme catalyzed steps. Conversion of…
Q: Predict the nutrients present in the following food samples. Write POSITIVE if the nutrient is…
A: Nutrients are substances obtained from food that are essential for metabolism of an organism.…
Q: B-lactamase is an enzyme found in many antibiotic-resistant bacteria that hydrolyzes and inactivates…
A: Enzymes are high molecular-weight proteins that catalyse biochemical reactions. They contain an…
Q: How many reduced molecules (NADH, FADH2, NADPH) will be generated by converting linoleic acid…
A: Fatty acids are carboxylic acids with a hydrocarbon chain ranging from 4 carbon to 36 carbons.…
Q: When the movement of lipids in biological membranes was measured, it was observed that: A) Saturated…
A: The cell membrane is a phospholipid bilayer. According to the Fluid Mosaic Model, the cell membrane…
Q: G Protein-Coupled Receptor (GPCR) Signaling Q.7.3: Glucagon and epinephrine both signal stress,…
A: Glucagon is a peptide hormone secreted from the alpha cells of the pancreatic islets of Langerhans.…
Q: Component 1 PCR buffer 2 MgCl2 3 dNTP mix 4 SSR forward primer 5 SSR reverse primer 6 Taq polymerase…
A: PCR is also known as a polymerase chain reaction which is generally used to amplify the template DNA…
Q: Which statements below are false? ) (a) Antiparallel ß sheets are more common in proteins than…
A: Beta sheets are one of the most prominent secondary structures seen in proteins. Here multiple beta…
Q: 4. What is the sum of all the hydrogens at the highlighted carbon atoms in the given structure? A. 7…
A: The given structure is a hydrocarbon. By balancing the valency of carbon, we can calculate the…
Q: For an enzyme-catalyzed reaction, the velocity was determined at two different concentrations of the…
A: The velocity of an enzyme catalyzed reaction is given by: V=Vmax×SKM+SWhere,V=velocity of the…
Q: in triacylglycerol mobilization, triacylglycerol molecules is activated by: phosphorylation…
A: Triacylglycerol are esters of fatty acid and glycerol. Triacylglycerol, as the name indicates,…
Q: During ribosomal protein synthesis, the growing peptide chain OA) Is synthesized C-terminal to…
A: Proteins are synthesized by the ribosomes in the cytoplasm. The ribosomal machinery synthesizes the…
Q: Why is the binding of oxygen to hemoglobin cooperative while the binding of oxygen to myoglobin is…
A: Hemoglobin has 4 subunits, 2 alpha subunits, and 2 beta subunits. These 4 subunits collectively make…
Q: The biexponential equation for a two compartment model drug is C1,t = 50.0e-1.64t + 20.0e-0.147t.…
A: Pharmacokinetics: The study of the kinetics of drugs absorption, distribution, and elimination…
Q: Why do some enzymes require covalent modifications, such as phosphorylation or glycosylation?…
A: Introduction: Covalent modification involves the addition of a functional group onto the enzymes by…
Q: Which of the following is not a catabolic fate for pyruvate formed in glycolysis? fermentation to…
A: Pyruvate is the end-product of glycolysis. It is ultimately transported into the mitochondria and…
Q: Which of the following statements are true for enzymes? Check all that apply. The activity of some…
A: Enzymes catalyse biochemical reactions by decreasing the activation energy and increase the rate of…
Q: If there are still contaminating proteins with your LDH fraction after going through 3 different…
A: Proteins are high molecular weight biomolecules made up of amino acid residues linked via peptide…
Q: Enzymes are important molecules in biochemistry that catalyze reactions. The energy diagram…
A: Since there are multiple questions and which question is to be solved has not been specified, as per…
Q: Briefly describe the role and location of each cofactor/coenzyme involved in the pyruvate…
A: Pyruvate is the end product of glycolysis. Under aerobic conditions, pyruvate is oxidised into…
Q: The structure shown is an example of a type of macromolecule (carbohydrate, lipid, protein, or…
A: The biological macromolecules that constitute a cell are proteins, nucleic acids, lipids and…
Step by step
Solved in 2 steps
- 1) The logic of the Lac operon was deciphered by using bacterial lac-operon mutants. Crucial to the experiments was creation of partial diploid cells in which operon from a wild-type cell is introduced into the mutant cell [thus there are 2 copies of the operon], and its ability to restore repression is assessed. Three classes of mutants were found that affect expression of the lac operon. Two of these resulted in constitutive expression of the operon, and the other eliminated all expression, even in the presence of lactose. Use the information above to complete the following table indicating with a (Y) yes or (N= No) if enzymatic activity of B-Gal will be detected (protein made and functional). Assume there is no glucose. Remember: Promoter for operon controls ALL genes downstream of it, coding sequence of the genes themselves matter (so if transcription is occurring but structural gene is producing a non-functional protein there will be no activity detected) For the lac operon…1. Assuming that the level of glucose is low, a mutation in the repressor associated with the lac operon of E. coli which prevents binding of the repressor to lactose should result in: a. constitutive expression of the lac operon genes b. lack of expression or refuced expression of the lac operon genes under all circumstances c. expression of the genes only when lactose is present d. expression of the genes only when lactose is absent e. lack of expression of the lac operon genes, resulting in an increase in lactose production1. a) If glucose is not available and lactose is absent from the environment, what is the status of transcription of the lac operon genes? Explain your answer from both an evolutionary perspective and in terms of negative and positive regulation of the operon? b)If glucose is not available, but lactose is available from the environment, what is the status of transcription of the lac operon genes? Explain your answer from both an evolutionary perspective and in terms of negative and positive regulation of the operon? b)
- 1. A)Explain the mechanism by which the lac operon is sensitive to glucose levels (presence and absence of glucose). B)If glucose levels in the cell are high and lactose is available from the environment, what is the status of transcription of the lac operon genes? Explain your answer from both an evolutionary perspective and in terms of negative and positive regulation of the operon?1. If the above gene is one of the three structural genes of the lac operon that codes for theprotein/ enzyme responsible for breaking lactose into two molecules of simple sugars,a.) what triggers the activation of this gene?b.) what triggers the inactivation of this gene?c.) what substance is attached to the operator region of the operon in the absence ofactivator?d.) what gene is responsible for the synthesis of the substance used to attach in theoperator region in the absence of activator? e.) what substance is attached to the promoter region of the operon in this case?1) Assume you have an operon that is repressible. In this case, the rate of synthesis of repressor protein must depend on the level of a) co-repressor b) inducer c) both d) neither
- 1) A. What is the difference between a repressible vs, an inducible operon? B. Using diagrams and words, describe how the Lac Operon is regulated by different levels of lactose and glucose. Be sure to show what’s happening at the molecular level, including the roles of lactose, glucose the repressor protein, cAMP and CAP.1. The following are genotypes of merozygotes of E. coli with various combinations of lac operon mutations. Determine the phenotype with respect to beta-galactosidase (z), permease (y), and trans-acetylase (a) of each combination as U = uninducible, I = inducible, and C = constitutive. Choose from the following answers. i- p+ o+ z+ y- a+ / i+ p+ oc z- y- a+ Answer choices UII UIC UUU ICC CUC IUC CCU 2. The following are genotypes of merozygotes of E. coli with various combinations of lac operon mutations. Determine the phenotype with respect to beta-galactosidase (z), permease (y), and trans-acetylase (a) of each combination as U = uninducible, I = inducible, and C = constitutive. Choose from the following answers. i- p+ o+ z- y+ a+ / iS p+ o+ z- y+ a+ Answer choices ICC CCU UII IUC UIC CUC UUUYou are growing E. coli in a laboratory in order to study their operons. The growth media you are using contains lactose, no glucose and no tryptophan. Using your knowledge of operons and their regulation, answer the following questions Which operons would be functional under these conditions? 2. What repressors would be made? (NOTE: name the repressors using their gene names) 3.Which repressor(s) would be made in the inactive form? 4.Which repressor(s) would be made in the active form? 5.Which repressor(s) under these conditions can bind the operator sequence? 6.Which repressor(s)under these conditions cannot bind the operator sequence?
- 1. In DNA amplification, using the Taq polymerase, what is the maximum number of amplification cycles? a. 30 b. 20 c. 60 d. 10 2. In the case of trp operon, for transcription to fully occur, which of the following conditions must be met? a. Environmental tryptophan level must be low. b. Environmental tryptophan must be absent. c. Environmental tryptophan level must be abundant. d. Both a and b are correct.. In an effort to determine the location of an operator sitefor a negatively regulated gene, you have made a seriesof deletions within the regulatory region. The extent ofeach deletion is shown by the line underneath the sequence, and the resulting expression from the operon(i = inducible; c = constitutive; − = no expression) isalso indicated.... GGAT C T T AGCCGGCTAACATGATAAATATAA......C C T AGAATCGGCCGA TTGTA C T A TTT ATAT T ...1 i2 –3 c4 –5 ca. What can you conclude from these data about thelocation of the operator site?b. Why do you think deletions 2 and 4 show no expression of the gene?A haploid E. coli cell has the genotype I ¯ P+ O+ Z+ Y ¯ where the I ¯ indicates that the repressor protein cannot bind to the operator due to a mutation. Which of the following statements about cells with this lac operon genotype are correct? I ¯ P+ O+ Z+ Y ¯ Select all that apply. β-galactosidase will be transcribed constitutively. The cells are able to import lactose across the cell membrane. The cells are lac+ and are able to grow on a medium with lactose but no glucose. RNA polymerase can bind to the promoter.