1. What are at least 2 factors that affect rate of areaction within a metabolic pathway? Define andexplain these and provide at least one example foreach.

A metabolic pathway is a series of biochemical reactions that occur in a sequence to convert a…

Answered: 1. What are at least 2 factors that…

Human Heredity: Principles and Issues (MindTap Course List)

11th Edition

ISBN:9781305251052

Author:Michael Cummings

Publisher:Michael Cummings

Chapter10: From Proteins To Phenotypes

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 2QP

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6. Reciprocal regulation of opposing pathways is necessary to avoid the wasteful synthesis anddegradation of metabolic intermediates. Provide two distinct examples of reciprocal regulation. Bespecific, and be sure to explain the conditions that signal enzyme activation and/or inhibition.
1. A metabolic pathway proceeds according to the scheme, R → S →T→U→ V→ W. A regulatory enzyme, X, catalyzes the first reaction in the pathway. Which of the following is most likely correct for this pathway? A) Either metabolite U or V is likely to be a positive modulator, increasing the activity of X. B) The first product S, is probably the primary negative modulator of X, leading to feedback inhibition. C) The last product, W, is likely to be a negative modulator of X, leading to feedback inhibition. D) The last product, W, is likely to be a positive modulator, increasing the activity of Х. E) The last reaction will be catalyzed by a second regulatory enzyme.
Describe the possible roles of allosteric modulation in theregulation of metabolic pathways.
Discuss the role of enzymes in metabolic regulation by describing the following five mechanisms.11.1Cascade systems11.2 Futile cycle11.3Cellular compartmentalization 11.4 Covalent modification11.5 Zymogens
1. For enzymatic reaction, a mechanism was proposed by Michaelis and Menten as follows: ES k, and k,' ES à E and P k,. E + S a. Use steady state assumption, derive expression for the reaction rate. Where E is concentration of enzyme, S substrate, ES complex of E and S, E = E, – ES. (If you have difficulty in doing it, please consult lecture note) b. Assume K = 0.038 mol.L' at 25 °C, when the substrate concentration is 0.156 Mol.L', the rate of the reaction is 1.21 m mol/L.s. The maximum rate of conversion reaction is reached at high substrate concentrations. Calculate the maximum rate of this enzyme catalyzed reaction.
All metabolic pathways must be regulated to maintain homeostasis. The catalytic activity of anenzyme can be controlled allosterically and/or by reversible covalent modification. Provide anexample of each type of regulation (allosteric and reversible covalent modification) in the contextof a metabolic pathway. Be specific, and be sure to explain the rationale behind the regulatorystrategy.
1. Shown below is a metabolic pathway: Es E E4 E1 E2 A - B - C - D E3 E6 Q- R – S E7 Es Suppose we have too much of "S" in the cell, please answer the following questions, with regards to feedback inhibition: a) Which enzyme is most likely to be regulated? b) Which substance will act as the 'regulator'? c) Name the "site" where this 'regulator' will bind to the enzyme: d) Is this substance (from #b), a homotropic or heterotropic modulator?
Discuss several ways in which metabolic pathways are controlled or regulated.
1. Describe the glucose oxidase's general enzymatic class (oxidoreductase, transferase, isomerase, hydrolase, ligase, or lyase), which types of cells express this enzyme, and what its role is within those cells and/or their surrounding tissues. 2. Describe glucose oxidase's substrate, the substrate’s biological relevance, and identify the main interaction that governs how the substrate binds (e.g. specific salt bridges, negative/positive patches, hydrophobic pockets) 3. Describe two different ways in which glucose oxidase is regulated. These mechanisms of regulation do not need tobe allosteric in nature, but they often are—for any allosteric regulatory mechanisms, indicate whether they arepositive/negative, homotropic/heterotropic, and whether they constitute an example of feedback inhibition
11. (ME.23) Given the pathway below, steps catalyzed by enzymes, are good candidates for regulation and compound negatively regulate enzyme 5. A. All steps with -AG; compound H B. Steps catalyzed by enzymes 2 and 5 only; compound C C. Steps catalyzed by enzymes 4 and 5 only; compound H D. Steps catalyzed by enzymes 2, 4, 5, 6 & 8; compound C E. Steps catalyzed by enzymes 2, 4, 5, & 8; compound H A is a good candidate to AG +0.1 enz7 AG AG AG H AG AG +1.1 -23.3 -0.7 -1.4 -16.7 enz1 enz2 enz3 AG enz4 enz5 -
In the following metabolic pathway, what is the rate of formation of the end-product E if substrate A is present at a saturating concentration? The maximal rates (products formed per second) of the individual steps are indicated. A 30 →B →C 20 →D 40 →E (Enter the numerical value only).
Describe the role that compartmentation plays in the regulation of metabolic pathways. Provide several examples.

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