10. complete blanks. P (1)=Nominal Wealth (S, fixed) Price Level (P) ()=c()=AD( ) 11. What is the significance of the diagram in #10. 12. In considering the current economic condition, the Biden administration may want to ( increase decrease ) government spending. Select the correct one and briefly explain why. 13. When disposable income changes from 1100 to 1000, saving changes from 160 to 120. What is MPC?
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- Suppose in our two-period model of the economy that the government, instead of borrowing in the current period, runs a government loan program. That is, loans are made to consumers at the market real interest rate r, with the aggregate quantity of loans made in the current period denoted by L. Government loans are financed by lump-sum taxes on consumers in the current period, and we assume that government spending is zero in the current and future periods. In the future period, when the government loans are repaid by consumers, the government rebates this amount as lump-sum transfers (negative taxes) to consumers. We use the same notation as in the lecture notes (y, y′ , c, c′ ,t, t′ , s, T, T′ ). Also, we use l ≡ L/n to represent the size of the loan that each individual consumer takes from the loan program, where n is the population. 1) Write down the government’s current-period budget constraint and its future-period budget constraint. 2) Determine the present-value budget…Assume i=0%, beta=1. Consumer has income of 80 in year 1, 100 in year 2. Now suppose gov't gives consumers a free check of 10 in year 1. Suppose consumers are naive (they don't anticipate the free check is financed by borrowing from China, which needs to be paid back through more tax in period 2). Consumer believes they will consume ____ in year 2. Hint: when consumers are naive, they will believe they have 80+10=90 income in period 1, and 100 income in period 2.The government decreases current taxes, while holding government spending in the present and the future constant. Using diagrams, determine the equilibrium effects on consumption, investment, the real interest rate, aggregate output, employment, and the real wage. What is the multiplier, and how does it differ from the government expenditure multiplier? Now suppose that there are credit market imperfections in the market for consumer credit, for example due to asymmetric information in the credit market. Repeat part (a), and explain any differences in your answers in parts (a) and (b)
- Assume that the full-employment level of output is $1,000 and the price level associated with full-employment output is 100. Also assume that the economy's current level of output is $1,100 and, at the price level of 100, current aggregate demand is $1,200. If the government moves the economy back to the full-employment level of output by reducing government purchases by $50, then the expenditures multiplier equals Multiple Choice 10. 4. 5. 2.use analytic exposition and an appropriate diagram, to explain how the permanent income theory of construction reconcile the results of cross- section and time -series estimates of the Keynesian consumption functionAssuming you are the Minister of Finance and Economic Planning for Nigeria, in charge of Fiscal Policy. The Research Director of the Ministry brought you the following data on Nigeria’s for the previous fiscal year, 2021. An examination of the data reveals that, during the fiscal year 2021, households in Nigeria saved 20% of their disposable income (Yd) and spent the rest on consumption. In addition, ₦5,000.00 was spent on Consumption expenditure (C), which is independent of income and Gross Private Investment (I) was ₦ 7,000.00. Total Government expenditure (G) which stood at ₦8,000.00 was supposed to be financed by a lump sum tax of ₦2,000.00 (independent of income) and a proportional tax rate of 25% of national income. Exports (X) stood at ₦2,500.00. In addition, the country’s import (M) during the previous fiscal year comprises of ₦1,000.00 which was independent of the country’s national income and 10% which was dependent of the country’s national income. Given these data on…
- As a result of this policy, the equilibrium interest rate . Which of the following statements accurately describe the effect of the increase in government borrowing? Check all that apply. National saving decreases by less than $20 billion. Private saving increases by less than $20 billion. Public saving decreases by exactly $20 billion. Investment increases by less than $20 billion. The more elastic the supply of loanable funds, the is the change in national saving as a result of the increase in government borrowing. The more elastic the demand for loanable funds, the the change in national saving as a result of the increase in government borrowing. Suppose households believe that greater government borrowing today implies higher taxes to pay off the government debt in the future. This belief would cause people to save today, which would private saving and the supply of loanable funds. This would the…Assume i=0%, beta=1. Consumer has income of 80 in year 1, 100 in year 2. Now suppose gov't gives consumers a free check of 10 in year 1. Suppose consumers are naive (they don't anticipate the free check is financed by borrowing from China, which needs to be paid back through more tax in period 2). Consumer actually consumes ____ in year 2. Hint: when consumers are naive, they will believe they have 80+10=90 income in period 1, and 100 income in period 2. Hint 2: when year 2 comes, gov't needs to pay back the debt.Consider a tax cut which affects not only consumer disposable income, but also after-tax earnings from labor supplied to labor markets and from financial assets acquired through saving. In the long run we would expect this tax cut to A decrease the level of real GDP. B decrease the price level. C increase both the price level and the level of real GDP. D decrease the price level and increase the level of real GDP.
- Real Business Cycle Model The government of “Defitonia” only relies on lump-sum taxes to finance its expenditures, and is evaluating a fiscal consolidation plan to bring down its fiscal deficit. Two alternatives are being assessed: increasing current taxes, or cutting current government expenditures. In this problem, you will analyse both alternatives through the lens of the Real Business Cycle (RBC) model studied in class. (a) Suppose that the government of Defitonia increases current taxes, but does not change its level of spending in either period. What are the effects of the tax change on the real wage, employment, the real interest rate, and output? Explain by using the equilibrium diagrams for the current labour market and for the current goods market in the RBC model. (b) Now suppose that the government of Defitonia cuts current government spending. What are the effects of the tax change on the real wage, employment, the real interest rate, and output? Explain by using the…As shown in Exhibit 2, dissaving occurs: Group of answer choices at $5 trillion. between 0 and $4 trillion. where disposable income is greater than $4 trillion. at $8 trillion.22. Consider a Keynesian model but where both investment and consumption are increasing in aggregate income, e.g., because investment depends on business cash flow. Now that investment depends positively on aggregate income, fiscal stimulus has less effect on equilibrium output. True/False. Remember to include your explanation.