11. The discovery of chromosome banding in eukaryotes has greatly improved our ability to distinguishvarious cytogenetic events. Particularly useful are “banding" polymorphisms because the "morphs"can be used as chromosome markers. (These morphs are forms of chromosome that arecytologically distinguishable by virtue of minor variations in band size, position, etc). Let's considerchromosome 21 in humans. Assume that one set of parents are: 21°21 (female) x 21°21ª (male),where a, b, c and d represent "morphs" of a polymorphism for this chromosome.In each case: State the genetic term for the condition (if possible), diagram the event(s) that gaverise to the condition, and state in which individual the event(s) took place.d. 42A + 2121°21° + XXdad MIIInterphase [show condensed]:Interphase [show condensed]:Diagrammeiosis forAfter DNA replication:After DNA replication:chromosome 21in Mom (left)and Dad (right)After Meiosis I:After Meiosis I:Gametes:Gametes:21 21 21°

The figure is showing trisomy of chromosome 21.

11. The discovery of chromosome banding in eukaryotes has greatly improved our ability to distinguish various cytogenetic events. Particularly useful are "banding" polymorphisms because the "morphs" can be used as chromosome markers. (These morphs are forms of chromosome that are cytologically distinguishable by virtue of minor variations in band size, position, etc). Let's çonsider chromosome 21 in humans. Assume that one set of parents are: 21 21º (female) x 21°21° where a, b, c and d represent “morphs" (male), a polymorphism for this chromosome. In each case: State the genetic term for the condition (if possible), diagram the event(s) that gave rise to the condition, and state in which individual the event(s) took place. d. 42A + 21°21c21c + XX dad MII Interphase [show condensed]: Interphase [show condensed]: Diagram

11. The discovery of chromosome banding in eukaryotes has greatly improved our ability to distinguish various cytogenetic events. Particularly useful are "banding" polymorphisms because the "morphs" can be used as chromosome markers. (These morphs are forms of chromosome that are cytologically distinguishable by virtue of minor variations in band size, position, etc). Let's çonsider chromosome 21 in humans. Assume that one set of parents are: 21 21º (female) x 21°21° where a, b, c and d represent “morphs" (male), a polymorphism for this chromosome. In each case: State the genetic term for the condition (if possible), diagram the event(s) that gave rise to the condition, and state in which individual the event(s) took place. d. 42A + 21°21c21c + XX dad MII Interphase [show condensed]: Interphase [show condensed]: Diagram

Biology: The Dynamic Science (MindTap Course List)

4th Edition

ISBN:9781305389892

Author:Peter J. Russell, Paul E. Hertz, Beverly McMillan

Publisher:Peter J. Russell, Paul E. Hertz, Beverly McMillan

Chapter11: Meiosis: The Cellular Basis Of Sexual Reproduction

Section11.2: Mechanisms That Generate Genetic Variability

Problem 2SB: Consider an animal with six pairs of chromosomes; one set of six chromosomes is from this animals...

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1. What is the processes of mitosis and meiosis indicating where the similarities lie and in which aspects they differ. What is the primary reason for each type of cell division by indicating the roles that mitosis and meiosis play in human reproduction and development? 2. Explain what is meant by the term ‘linked genes’ with respect to homologous recombination. For example, if an organism is heterozygous at two genetic loci on the same chromosome, in what way does the position of these alleles with respect to each other affect how they are transmitted to gametes during meiosis?
4. A previously undiscovered single celled organism was found living at a great depth on the ocean floor. Its nucleus contains only a single, linear chromosome consisting of 7x 106 nucleotide pairs of DNA coalesced with three types of histone-like proteins. The analysis of individual nucleosomes revealed that each unit contained one copy of each protein and that the short linker DNA had no protein bound to it If the entire chromosome consists of nucleosomes (discounting any linker DNA), how many are there and how many total proteins are needed to form them?
1. A recently discovered bird species was found to have 29 chromosomes in its somatic cells before S phase. a. How many chromosomes (2n) are present in a somatic cell during mitosis? b. How many chromosomes does a bird receive from one parent? c. How many sister chromatids are present during metaphase 2? d. Assuming this species follows the same XX/XY sex differentiation as mammals, how many sex chromosomes are in an unfertilized egg? e. How many pairs of homologous chromosomes would you expect to see lined up during metaphase 2? 2. An onion cell (2n) with 10 autosomes and 2 sex chromosomes is about to undergo meiosis. How many cells will result from this process, and what is the chromosome number and ploidy of each cell? 3. An animal is heterozygous for two autosomal genetic traits found on different chromosomes. Purple fur is inherited dominantly (with pp genotype giving green fur) and the gene is located near the telomere on the short arm of an acrocentric autosome. The gene for…
1. A newly discovered species of dung beetle has 2n = 16 chromosomes. It mates with a closely related beetle species that has 2n = 12 chromosomes. How many chromosomes would there be in an allotriploid beetle produced from this cross? *goes with image 1* 1. The Cavendish banana (genome = AAA), the variety most often sold in grocery stores, has what type of genome? (indicate the ploidy and if its an auto- or allo-) 2. Some bananas have genome AAB, which is an example of which kind of polyploidy? (indicate the ploidy and if its an auto- or allo-) *goes with image 2* 1. Which species of bacteria is not a heterotroph? (choose all that apply) 2. Which two species contain more cytoplasmic phospholipid membranes than the others? (choose 2) 3. Which species is capable of directed movement?(choose 1) 4. Which species have a cell wall that consists partly of an outer membrane of lipopolysaccharide? (choose all that apply) 5. Species 4 is pathogenic if it gains access to the human…
I. In humans, chromosome 16 sometimes has a heavilystained area in the long arm near the centromere. Thisfeature can be seen through the microscope but has noeffect on the phenotype of the person carrying it.When such a “blob” exists on a particular copy ofchromosome 16, it is a constant feature of that chromosome and is inherited.A couple conceived a child, but the fetus hadmultiple abnormalities and was miscarried. When thechromosomes of the fetus were studied, it was discovered that it had three copies of chromosome 16 (it wastrisomic for chromosome 16), and that two of thethree chromosome 16s had large blobs. Bothchromosome 16 homologs in the mother lacked blobs,but the father was heterozygous for blobs. Which parent experienced nondisjunction, and in which meioticdivision did it occur?
1. If a particular species of plant is made up of cells that each have 30 separate chromosomes, 15 of which appear to be paired in terms of size and shape, what is the “ploidy” of this plant? What is the term for these similar chromosomes? What is the ploidy of a different plant species in which the cells also have 30 separate chromosomes, but there seem to be 10 triplets of similar size and shape? How many different alleles can the same gene of a tetraploid plant have?
9) A diploid cell is preparing to undergo meiosis. Before the 'S' phase, the cell has 6 picograms (pg) of DNA in it. Answer the following: a) After the 'S' phase of the cell cycle what ploidy is the cell? How many picograms of DNA does it contain? b) After meiosis I, how many daughter cells are there total? What is the ploidy of each cell? How many picograms of DNA does each cell contain?
4. a. Give at least three examples of types of mutationsthat would disrupt the process of mitotic chromosomesegregation. That is, explain in what DNA structuresor in genes encoding what kinds of proteins youwould find these segregation-disrupting mutations.b. How could you use yeast artificial chromosomes(YACs) to find such mutations in S. cerevisiae?
The first suggestion that chromosomes may physically exchange segments came from the microscopic identification of. synapsis sister chromatids chiasmata alleles
Discuss Concepts Eukaryotic chromosomes can be labeled by exposing cells to radioactive thymidine during the S phase of interphase. If cells are exposed to radioactive thymidine during the S phase, would you expect both or only one of the sister chromatids of a duplicated chromosome to be labeled at metaphase of the following mitosis (see Section 10.2)?
Discuss Concepts One of the human chromosome pairs carries a gene that influences eye color. In an individual human, one chromosome of this pair has an allele of this gene that contributes to the formation of blue eyes. The other chromosome of the pair has an allele that contributes to brown eye color (other genes also influence eye color in humans). After meiosis in the cells of this individual, what fraction of the nuclei will carry the allele that contributes to blue eyes? To brown eyes?
Consider an animal with six pairs of chromosomes; one set of six chromosomes is from this animals male parent, and the homologous set of six chromosomes is from this animals female parent. How many combinations of chromosomes are possible in the gametes of an individual of this species if we look onlyat independent assortment of chromosomes, disregarding the effect of crossing-over?