2) Cows were domesticated from wolves approximately 20,000 years ago, likely in Europe . Mutation rates in cows are likely less than 0.005 mutations per genome per cell per generation. At present, over 300 cow breeds, distinct in behavior and appearance, are recognized. The mutation rates are clearly not high enough to account the evolution of all this biological distinctiveness. What accounts for all this variation? Choose all that apply. A) Rare, recessive alleles may have been “hidden” in heterozygotes. B) The characteristics upon which breeds are based may be QTLs. C) The characteristics upon which breeds are based may have a complex genetic architectureinvolving control loci (such as HOX loci) such that seemingly minor changes can have significantdevelopmental effects. D) Lineages corresponding to the different breeds may have been subjected to populationbottlenecks that enabled rapid change in allele frequencies.E) For many dog generations, humans have carefully controlled breeding to subject dog lineagesto strong artificial selection. 3)Evolution by natural selection requires that: (Choose all that apply). A) Phenotypic variation exists B) A designer directs the process. C) Phenotypes differ in fitness. D) The adaptive environment is stable and unchanging. E) Fitness differences among phenotypes are heritable. 4) Female wasps, which are protected by the use of a painful stinger, often make their presence conspicuous by rapid movements of their long antennae. These wasps are sometimes mimicked by flies with short antennae who imitate the appearance of rapidly moving long antennae by waving their forelegs in front of their bodies. Which of the following statements concerning this behavior is LEAST consistent with current evolutionary theory? A) Natural selection cannot fashion perfect organisms B) The behavior of the flies may be a compromise if their short antennae are adapted for otheruses. C) Variation in leg-waving behavior may have been present in ancestral populations and availablefor natural selection, while variation in antenna length may not have. D) The flies learned to imitate wasps. E) The flies’ bauplan may make it unlikely that they will evolve stingers
2) Cows were domesticated from wolves approximately 20,000 years ago, likely in Europe . Mutation rates in cows are likely less than 0.005 mutations per genome per cell per generation. At present, over 300 cow breeds, distinct in behavior and appearance, are recognized. The mutation rates are clearly not high enough to account the evolution of all this biological distinctiveness. What accounts for all this variation? Choose all that apply.
A) Rare, recessive alleles may have been “hidden” in heterozygotes.
B) The characteristics upon which breeds are based may be QTLs.
C) The characteristics upon which breeds are based may have a complex genetic architectureinvolving control loci (such as HOX loci) such that seemingly minor changes can have significantdevelopmental effects.
D) Lineages corresponding to the different breeds may have been subjected to populationbottlenecks that enabled rapid change in allele frequencies.E) For many dog generations, humans have carefully controlled breeding to subject dog lineagesto strong artificial selection.
3)Evolution by natural selection requires that: (Choose all that apply).
A)
B) A designer directs the process.
C) Phenotypes differ in fitness.
D) The adaptive environment is stable and unchanging.
E) Fitness differences among phenotypes are heritable.
4) Female wasps, which are protected by the use of a painful stinger, often make their presence conspicuous by rapid movements of their long antennae. These wasps are sometimes mimicked by flies with short antennae who imitate the appearance of rapidly moving long antennae by waving their forelegs in front of their bodies. Which of the following statements concerning this behavior is LEAST consistent with current evolutionary theory?
A) Natural selection cannot fashion perfect organisms
B) The behavior of the flies may be a compromise if their short antennae are adapted for otheruses.
C) Variation in leg-waving behavior may have been present in ancestral populations and availablefor natural selection, while variation in antenna length may not have.
D) The flies learned to imitate wasps.
E) The flies’ bauplan may make it unlikely that they will evolve stingers
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