2.Does SARS-CoV-2 conform to the central dogma of molecular biology that wascoined by Francis Crick?3.Retroviruses, like the HIV, contain an enzyme called reverse transcriptase.Explain the flow of genetic information in HIV.4.COVID-19 vaccines such as Moderna (MRNA-1273) and Pfizer (BNT16262) makeuse of mRNA that produces SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. Would the effectiveness ofthese vaccines be affected by the emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants with mutated spikeprotein?

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2. coined by Francis Crick? Does SARS-CoV-2 conform to the central dogma of molecular biology that was 3. Explain the flow of genetic information in HIV. Retroviruses, like the HIV, contain an enzyme called reverse transcriptase. 4. COVID-19 vaccines such as Moderna (MRNA-1273) and Pfizer (BNT16262) make use of mRNA that produces SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. Would the effectiveness of these vaccines be affected by the emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants with mutated spike protein?

2. coined by Francis Crick? Does SARS-CoV-2 conform to the central dogma of molecular biology that was 3. Explain the flow of genetic information in HIV. Retroviruses, like the HIV, contain an enzyme called reverse transcriptase. 4. COVID-19 vaccines such as Moderna (MRNA-1273) and Pfizer (BNT16262) make use of mRNA that produces SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. Would the effectiveness of these vaccines be affected by the emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants with mutated spike protein?

Biology: The Dynamic Science (MindTap Course List)

4th Edition

ISBN:9781305389892

Author:Peter J. Russell, Paul E. Hertz, Beverly McMillan

Publisher:Peter J. Russell, Paul E. Hertz, Beverly McMillan

Chapter19: Genomes And Proteomes

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 2TYK: How do pseudogenes differ from genes? a. They are not transcribed. b. They contain longer open...

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5 How the use of the nucleic acid vaccine gives protection against diseases like COVID-19. Please briefly explain .?
The new Covid19 vaccine produced by two companies (Pfizer, Moderna) uses mRNA coding for part of the spike protein of the virus. The virus uses the spike protein to invade human cells where it replicates. Is it surprising that the mRNA must be stabilized with chemicals that need ultra-cold or frozen storage to protect the mRNA from degradation before it causes human muscle cells to make the spike protein? Some Covid 19 vaccines in development use the adenovirus, a common vector used in gene therapies, to inject the mRNa for the spike protein into human muscle cells. Why might vaccines using a virus vector be more likely to need only refrigeration and not deep-cold storage, given what you know about viruses? Some older vaccines used a weakened strain of the pathogenic virus in the injection in the hope that the weakened virus would induce an immune response without causing disease. The virus vectors used in genetic engineering have all the harmful virus genes cut out and replaced with…
Bacteria exposed to viruses incorporate sections of the virus’s DNA into the CRISPR array sequences in their genome. This mechanism allows bacteria to fight off the viruses, like an immune response: the information in CRISPR spacers served as “coordinates” for recognizing and cutting up invading DNA sequences. Describe what might happen under the conditions described after a bacteriophage infects a bacterial cell and releases its DNA into the bacterial cell. Explain why: The cas genes on the bacterial genome contains a frameshift deletion mutation that alters the function of the protein The bacteria will be unable to elicit an immune response and will succumb to the phase infection