2020. 2. Prepare the correcting entry assuming the error was discovered in 2021 before the adjusting and closing entries. (Ignore income taxes.)
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Depreciation Methods
The word "depreciation" is defined as an accounting method wherein the cost of tangible assets is spread over its useful life and it usually denotes how much of the assets value has been used up. The depreciation is usually considered as an operating expense. The main reason behind depreciation includes wear and tear of the assets, obsolescence etc.
Depreciation Accounting
In terms of accounting, with the passage of time the value of a fixed asset (like machinery, plants, furniture etc.) goes down over a specific period of time is known as depreciation. Now, the question comes in your mind, why the value of the fixed asset reduces over time.
In 2021, internal auditors discovered that PKE Displays, Inc. had debited an expense account for the $356,000 cost of equipment purchased on January 1, 2018. The equipment’s life was expected to be five years with no residual value. Straight-line
Required:
1. Determine the cumulative effect of the error on net income over the three-year period from 2018 through 2020, and on
2. Prepare the correcting entry assuming the error was discovered in 2021 before the adjusting and closing entries. (Ignore income taxes.)
3. Assume instead that the equipment was disposed of in 2022 and the original error was discovered in 2023 after the 2022 financial statements were issued. Prepare the correcting entry in 2023.
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- During 2019, White Company determined that machinery previously depreciated over a 7-year life had a total estimated useful life of only 5 years. An accounting change was made in 2019 to reflect the change in estimate. If the change had been made in 2018, accumulated depreciation at December 31, 2018, would have been 1,600,000 instead of 1,200,000. As a result of this change, the 2019 depreciation expense was 100,000 greater than it would have been if no change were made. Ignoring income tax considerations, what is the proper amount of the adjustment to Whites January 1, 2019, balance of retained earnings? a. 0 b. 100,000 c. 280,000 d. 400,000Shannon Corporation began operations on January 1, 2019. Financial statements for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2020, contained the following errors: In addition, on December 31, 2020, fully depreciated machinery was sold for 10,800 cash, but the sale was not recorded until 2021. There were no other errors during 2019 or 2020, and no corrections have been made for any of the errors. Refer to the information for Shannon Corporation above. Ignoring income taxes, what is the total effect of the errors on the amount of working capital (current assets minus current liabilities) at December 31, 2020? a. working capital overstated by 4,200 b. working capital understated by 5,800 c. working capital understated by 6,000 d. working capital understated by 9,800Soon after December 31, 2019, the auditor requested a depreciation schedule for trucks of Jarrett Trucking Company, showing the additions, retirements, depreciation, and other data affecting the income of the company in the 4-year period 2016 to 2019, inclusive. The following data were in the Trucks account as of January 1, 2016: The Accumulated DepreciationTrucks account, previously adjusted to January 1,2016, and duly entered in the ledger, had a balance on that date of 16,460. This amount represented the straight-line depreciation on the four trucks from the respective dates of purchase, based on a 5-year life and no residual value. No debits had been made to this account prior to January 1, 2016. Transactions between January 1,2017, and December 31, 2019, and their record in the ledger were as follows: 1. July 1, 2016: Truck no. 1 was sold for 1,000 cash. The entry was a debit to Cash and a credit to Trucks, 1,000. 2. January 1, 2017: Truck no. 3 was traded for a larger one (no. 5) with a 5-year life. The agreed purchase price was 12,000. Jarrett paid the other company 1,780 cash on the transaction. The entry was a debit to Trucks, 1,780, and a credit to Cash, 1,780. 3. July 1, 2018: Truck no. 4 was damaged in a wreck to such an extent that it was sold as junk for 50 cash. Jarrett received 950 from the insurance company. The entry made by the bookkeeper was a debit to Cash, 1,000, and credits to Miscellaneous Revenue, 50, and Trucks, 950, 4. July 1, 2018: A new truck (no. 6) was acquired for 20,000 cash and debited at that amount to the Trucks account. The truck has a 5-year life. Entries for depreciation had been made at the close of each year as follows: 2016, 8,840; 2017, 5,436; 2018, 4,896; 2019, 4,356. Required: 1. Next Level For each of the 4 years, calculate separately the increase or decrease in earnings arising from the companys errors in determining or entering depreciation or in recording transactions affecting trucks. 2. Prove your work by one compound journal entry as of December 31, 2019; the adjustment of the Trucks account is to reflect the correct balances, assuming that the books have not been closed for 2019.
- At the end of 2020, while auditing Sandlin Companys books, before the books have been closed, you find the following items: a. A building with a 30-year life (no residual value, depreciated using the straight-line method) was purchased on January 1, 2020, by issuing a 90,000 non-interest-bearing, 4-year note. The entry made to record the purchase was a debit to Building and a credit to Notes Payable for 90,000; 12% is a fair rate of interest on the note. b. The inventory at the end of 2020 was found to be overstated by 15,000. At the same time, it was discovered that the inventory at the end of 2019 had been overstated by 35,000. The company uses the perpetual inventory system. c. For the last 3 years, the company has failed to accrue salaries and w-ages. The correct amounts at the end of each year were: 2018, 12,000; 2019, 18,000; and 2020, 10,000. Required: 1. Prepare journal entries to correct the errors. Ignore income taxes. 2. Assume, instead, that the company discovered the errors after it had closed the books. Prepare journal entries to correct the errors. Ignore income taxes.During 2019, Ryel Companys controller asked you to prepare correcting journal entries for the following three situations: 1. Machine A was purchased for 50,000 on January 1, 2014. Straight-line depreciation has been recorded for 5 years, and the Accumulated Depreciation account has a balance of 25,000. The estimated residual value remains at 5,000, but the service life is now estimated to be 1 year longer than estimated originally. 2. Machine B was purchased for 40,000 on January 1, 2017. It had an estimated residual value of 5,000 and an estimated service life of 10 years. it has been depreciated under the double-declining-balance method for 2 years. Now, at the beginning of the third year, Ryel has decided to change to the straight-line method. 3. Machine C was purchased for 20,000 on January 1, 2018, Double-declining-balance depreciation has been recorded for 1 year. The estimated residual value of the machine is 2,000 and the estimated service life is 5 years. The computation of the depreciation erroneously included the estimated residual value. Required: Prepare any necessary correcting journal entries for each situation. Also prepare the journal entry necessary for each situation to record depreciation expense for 2019.At the beginning of 2020, Holden Companys controller asked you to prepare correcting entries for the following three situations: 1. Machine X was purchased for 100,000 on January 1, 2015. Straight-line depreciation has been recorded for 5 years, and the Accumulated Depreciation account has a balance of 45,000. The estimated residual value remains at 10,000, but the service life is now estimated to be 1 year longer than originally estimated. 2. Machine Y was purchased for 40,000 on January 1, 2018. It had an estimated residual value of 4,000 and an estimated service life of 8 years. It has been depreciated under the sum-of-the-years-digits method for 2 years. Now, the company has decided to change to the straight-line method. 3. Machine Z was purchased for 80,000 on January 1, 2019. Double-declining-balance depreciation has been recorded for 1 year. The estimated residual value is 8,000 and the estimated service life is 5 years. The computation of the depreciation erroneously included the estimated residual value. Required: Prepare any necessary correcting journal entries for each situation. Also prepare the journal entry for each situation to record the depreciation for 2020. Ignore income taxes.
- Gray Companys financial statements showed income before income taxes of 4,030,000 for the year ended December 31, 2020, and 3,330,000 for the year ended December 31, 2019. Additional information is as follows: Capital expenditures were 2,800,000 in 2020 and 4,000,000 in 2019. Included in the 2020 capital expenditures is equipment purchased for 1,000,000 on January 1, 2020, with no salvage value. Gray used straight-line depreciation based on a 10-year estimated life in its financial statements. As a result of additional information now available, it is estimated that this equipment should have only an 8-year life. Gray made an error in its financial statements that should be regarded as material. A payment of 180,000 was made in January 2020 and charged to expense in 2020 for insurance premiums applicable to policies commencing and expiring in 2019. No liability had been recorded for this item at December 31, 2019. The allowance for doubtful accounts reflected in Grays financial statements was 7,000 at December 31, 2020, and 97,000 at December 31, 2019. During 2020, 90,000 of uncollectible receivables were written off against the allowance for doubtful accounts. In 2019, the provision for doubtful accounts was based on a percentage of net sales. The 2020 provision has not yet been recorded. Net sales were 58,500,000 for the year ended December 31, 2020, and 49,230,000 for the year ended December 31, 2019. Based on the latest available facts, the 2020 provision for doubtful accounts is estimated to be 0.2% of net sales. A review of the estimated warranty liability at December 31, 2020, which is included in other liabilities in Grays financial statements, has disclosed that this estimated liability should be increased 170,000. Gray has two large blast furnaces that it uses in its manufacturing process. These furnaces must be periodically relined. Furnace A was relined in January 2014 at a cost of 230,000 and in January 2019 at a cost of 280,000. Furnace B was relined for the first time in January 2020 at a cost of 300,000. In Grays financial statements, these costs were expensed as incurred. Since a relining will last for 5 years, Grays management feels it would be preferable to capitalize and depreciate the cost of the relining over the productive life of the relining. Gray has decided to nuke a change in accounting principle from expensing relining costs as incurred to capitalizing them and depreciating them over their productive life on a straight-line basis with a full years depreciation in the year of relining. This change meets the requirements for a change in accounting principle under GAAP. Required: 1. For the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, prepare a worksheet reconciling income before income taxes as given previously with income before income taxes as adjusted for the preceding additional information. Show supporting computations in good form. Ignore income taxes and deferred tax considerations in your answer. The worksheet should have the following format: 2. As of January 1, 2020, compute the retrospective adjustment of retained earnings for the change in accounting principle from expensing to capitalizing relining costs. Ignore income taxes and deferred tax considerations in your answer.It is the end of 2019 and you are an accountant for Stone Company. During 2019, sales of the companys products slumped and the companys earnings are expected to be much less than those of 2018. The president comes to you with an idea. He says, Our companys property, plant, and equipment cost 300,000, and that is the amount we usually report on our balance sheet. However, I just had these assets appraised by an independent appraiser, and she says they are worth 400,000. I think that the company should report the property, plant, and equipment at this amount on its December 31, 2019, balance sheet and should report the 100,000 increase in value as a gain on the 2019 income statement. If we use this approach, it will show how much our company is really worth and increase our earnings. This will make our shareholders happy. What do you think? Required: Prepare a written response to the president.Kam Company purchased a machine on January 2, 2019, for 20,000. The machine had an expected life of 8 years and a residual value of 300. The double-declining-balance method of depreciation is used. Required: 1. Compute the depreciation expense for each year of the assets life and book value at the end of each year. 2. Assuming that the company has a policy of always changing to the straight-line method at the midpoint of the assets life, compute the depreciation expense for each year of the assets life. 3. Assuming that the company always changes to the straight-line method at the beginning of the year when the annual straight-line amount exceeds the double-declining-balance amount, compute the depreciation expense for each year of the assets life.
- On May 10, 2019, Horan Company purchased equipment for 25,000. The equipment has an estimated service life of 5 years and zero residual value. Assume that the straight-line depreciation method is used. Required: Compute the depreciation expense for 2019 for each of the following four alternatives: 1. Horan computes depreciation expense to the nearest day. (Use 12 months of 30 days each and round the daily depreciation rate to 2 decimal places.) 2. Horan computes depreciation expense to the nearest month. Assets purchased in the first half of the month are considered owned for the whole month. 3. Horan computes depreciation expense to the nearest whole year. Assets purchased in the first half of the year are considered owned for the whole year. 4. Horan records one-half years depreciation expense on all assets purchased during the year.It is February 16, 2020, and you are auditing Davenport Corporation's financial statements for 2019 (which will be issued in March 2020). You read in the newspaper that Travis Corporation, a major customer of Davenport, is in financial difficulty. Included in Davenports accounts receivable is 50,000 (a material amount) owed to it by Travis. You approach Jim Davenport, president, with this information and suggest that a reduction of accounts receivable and recognition of a loss for 2019 might be appropriate. Jim replies, Why should we make an adjustment? Ted Travis, the president of Travis Corporation, is a friend of mine; he will find a way to pay us, one way or another. Furthermore, this occurred in 2020, so lets wait and see what happens; we can always make an adjustment later this year. Our 2019 income and year-end working capital are not that high; our creditors and shareholders wouldnt stand for lower amounts than they already are. Required: From financial reporting and ethical perspectives, prepare a response to Jim Davenport regarding this issue.Brooks Company reported a prior period adjustment of 512,000 in pretax financial "income" and taxable income for 2020. The prior period adjustment was the result of an error in calculating bad debt expense for 2019. The current tax rate is 30%, and no change in the tax rate has been enacted for future years. When the company applies intraperiod income tax allocation, the prior period adjustment will be shown on the: a. income statement at 12,000 b. income statement at 8,400 (net of 3,600 income taxes) c. retained earnings statement at 12,000 d. retained earnings statement at 8,400 (net of 3,600 income taxes)
