3) Differentiate replication and ranndomization.
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- In how many distinguishable ways can the letters in MITOSIS be written?CONSIDER THE IVPA group of researchers is conducting a clinical trial to determine if a new medication is useful in preventing osteoporosis in older adults. They contacted 15,000 individuals (10,000 men, 5,000 women) to participate in the trial. As part of their screening, they identified 2,400 older adults (2,000 men, 400 women) who already had osteoporosis. The remaining subjects entered the trial and were equally divided into treatment and placebo groups, with an equal number of men and women in each group. Of those in the treatment group, 600 (400 men, 200 women) developed osteoporosis after 5 years of follow-up while 1500 (1000 men, 500 women) developed osteoporosis during the same period in the placebo group. (Clue: Describe these rates as per 1,000 persons. Decimal to at least the tenth.) 1. What was the prevalence of osteoporosis at the screening? 2. What was the incidence of osteoporosis during the 5-year study 3. What was the incidence of osteoporosis among women during the 5-year study?
- Sickle-cell anemia is a hereditary chronic blood disease that is extremely severe when an individual carries two copies of the defective gene. It is particularly common in countries plagued by malaria, a parasiticinfection transmitted by mosquitoes. A study in Africa tested 543 children for the sickle-cell gene and also for malaria. In Group 1 which consisted of 136 children with the sickle-cell gene, 36 children had severe malariainfections. Group 2 consisted of 407 children without the sickle-cell gene, and 152 of them had severe malaria infections. Conduct a test to determine if the proportion of severe malaria infections among children withthe sickle-cell trait is different from that among children without. Test at 5% level of significance. Question: What is your p value and t statistic ?Illustrate the rejection regionSuppose a birth defect has a recessive form of inheritance.In a study population, the recessive gene (a) initially has aprevalence of 25%. A subject has the birth defect if bothmaternal and paternal genes are of type a. A further study finds that after 10 generations (≈200 years)a lot of inbreeding has taken place in the population. Twosubpopulations (populations A and B), consisting of 30%and 70% of the general population, respectively, haveformed. Within population A, prevalence of the recessivegene is 40%, whereas in population B it is 10%. Suppose that a baby is born with a birth defect,but the baby’s ancestry is unknown. What is the posteriorprobability that the baby will have both parents from population A, both parents from population B, or mixed ancestry,respectively? (Hint: Use Bayes’ rule.)
- a) The county supervisor of Orange County with over 3 million adults wants to know what percentage of adults in the county currently have Covid-19 antibodies in their systems (blood). Of the following methods, and considering each participant will receive a $100 Amazon gift card for participating, which is the most appropriate way to collect samples? (i) Conduct a census by testing the blood of every adult in the county. (ii) Place a notice on social media platforms asking adults to volunteer to have their blood tested. (iii) Select a random sample of adults with KAISER health insurance and ask each if they would have their blood tested. (iv) Select a random sample of adults using cell phone and home phone records and ask each if they would have their blood tested. b) With the context from above in mind, explain which sampling method would be best, a Stratified Method using cities as the strata, or a Cluster Method using age groups (18-24, 25-29, ...) as the clusters?Covid-19 Situation Report, Table 4b, represents the number of confirmed Covid 19 cases of top 50affected countries as per the COVID 19 Situation report released by World Health Organization onMay 31, 2020.1 716 078 465 166 148 285 94 858 89 741 84 627 38 571 26 688 16 908 14 70212 531 30 967 148 950 83 384 69 496 55 262 33 896 26 192 23 449 15 09411 468 16 851 405 843 272 830 239 600 232 664 181 482 163 103 148 436 58 18646 257 41 658 37 113 32 203 30 762 24 929 23 672 23 571 19 133 17 01216 638 11 633 11 381 10 858 182 143 44 608 25 773 84 570 34 366 17 224Table 4bPage 5 of 6Determine the following types of averages for the discrete dataset in Table 4b;a) Airthmetic Meanb) Medianc) ModeDo we reject the hypothesis of the attached file?
