3. Fates of pyruvate. Pyruvate has several metabolic fates (some of which you'll learn later) but inanerobic conditions pyruvate has two outcomes.a.For these anerobic outcomes of pyruvate draw the reactions with names and structures ofthe reactants and products. Please name the enzymes and cofactors necessary.b.During strenuous activity, the demand for ATP in muscle tissue is vastly increased. Inrabbit leg muscle or turkey flight muscle, the ATP is produced almost exclusively by lactic acidfermentation. ATP is formed in the payoff phase of glycolysis by two reactions, promoted byphosphoglycerate kinase and pyruvate kinase. Suppose skeletal muscle were devoid of lactatedehydrogenase. Could it carry out strenuous physical activity; that is, could it generate ATP at a highrate by glycolysis? Explain.

Pyruvate is an important product of glycolysis. It can also be defined as an important junction…

Answered: 3. Fates of pyruvate. Pyruvate has…

Biochemistry

6th Edition

ISBN:9781305577206

Author:Reginald H. Garrett, Charles M. Grisham

Publisher:Reginald H. Garrett, Charles M. Grisham

Chapter27: Metabolic Integration And Organ Specialization

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 15P

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In the first step of the citric acid cycle, an acetyl group from acetyl CoA reacts with oxaloacetate to form (a) pyruvate (b) citrate (c) NADH (d) ATP (e) CO2
The aerobic part of aerobic cellular respiration occurs during (a) glycolysis (b) the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA (c) the citric acid cycle (d) electron transport (e) all the preceding are aerobic processes
Before pyruvate enters the citric acid cycle, it is decarboxylated, oxidized, and combined with coenzyme A, forming acetyl CoA, carbon dioxide, and one molecule of (a) NADH (b) FADH2 (c) ATP (d) ADP (e) C6H12O6
a) Metabolic process in which hexose metabolism occurs? Amount of steps? Since this metabolic process (hexose -> 2 pyruvate) is exergonic. b) But, looking at the individual reactions that makeup this process, they are a combination of exergonic and endergonic reactions. (true or false). If false, explain why. If true explain the contribution of endergonic reactions to the overall exergonic process.
2a) Which of the following statements about pyruvate oxidation IS TRUE? a. NADH is oxidized in the process b. Four carbon dioxide molecules are released in the process c. The process takes place in the cytoplasm d. There is substrate level phosphorylation during the process e. Two pyruvate molecules are oxidized to two acetyl Co-A molecules. 2b) When there is sufficient oxygen, _____ ATP molecules can be made (theoretically) by cellular respiration. However, when oxygen is lacking, only _____ ATP molecules are made a. 32,2 b. 36,2 c. 30,4 d. 36,6 e. 46,2 2c) In the electron transport chain of cellular respiration: a. oxygen has the weakest pull on electrons b. NADH and FADH2 transfer phosphates in the inner mitochondrial membrane c. the energy that is released moves electrons from the matrix to the intermembrane space d. electrons move from protein to protein due to increasing electronegativity e. water oxidizes the last component of the chain. 2d) Which of the…
1. For a saturated fatty acid with 28 carbon atoms: a. Write the products obtained from one cycle of beta oxidation. b. How many cycles of beta oxidation will be required for its complete breakdown? How many Acetyl CoA will be produced after its complete breakdown? (show the calculation) c. Calculate the total number of ATP molecules generated (total energy yield) after complete oxidation of this fatty acid. (show the complete Stepwise calculation)
10) The glycerol phosphate shuttle functions in. A) Lipid catabolism C) Anaerobic glycolysis for the regeneration of NAD 8) Triglyceride synthesis D) Aerobic glycolysis to transport NAH equivalents resulting from glycolysis into mitochondria. 11) In muscles, the pyruvate is converted into lactate. Find the correct statement A) During lactate formation, NADH is reconverted into NAD B) During the product of lactate two AT are produced C) Lactate is the substrate from the downstream pathway D) Lactate acts as the substrate for the formation of amino acid 12) Which of the following regulates lipolysis in adipocytes A) Activation of fatty acid synthesis mediated by CAMP 8) Glycerol phosphorylation to prevent futile esterification of fatty acids C) Activation of triglyceride lipase as a result of hormone stimulated increases in cAMP levels D) Activation of cAMP production by Insulin 13) Glycolysis consists of three irreversible steps. Which of the following enzyme catalyzes the reaction are…
DCCD (diocyclohexylcarbodiimide) inhibits oxidative phosphorylation when the substrate is mitochondrial NADH. DCCD is a drug that binds to ATP synthase and blocks proton transport through the ion channel. a) Explain what the consequences of DCCD on cellular energy production are. b) Suggest at least one other cellular effect of DCCD and explain this effect.
Fatty acid degradation stimulates the citric acid cyclethrough the activation of pyruvate carboxylase by acetylCoA. Why would the activation of pyruvate carboxylaseincrease energy generation from fatty acids?
1. Using your own diagram, illustrate the reactions that take place within thepyruvate dehydrogenase complex (including all enzymes and coenzymes) anddiscuss the role of the enzymes involved. 2. Graphically represent all the regulatory mechanisms of the citric acid cycle and discuss their effect on the cycle.
The first step of gluconeogenesis involves the carboxylation of pyruvate and has a large negative delta G (i.e very exergonic). Explain how it is possible that this step can be exergonic if we know that adding CO2 onto molecules is fundamentally a destabilizing phenomenon?
Thioester play an important role in glycolysis and the TCA cycle. Which reactions in glycolysis and tca cycle involve thioesters.

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