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- Return to Figure 9.2. Suppose P0 is 10 and P1 is 11. Suppose a new firm with the same LRAC curve as the incumbent tries to bleak into the market by selling 4,000 units of output. Estimate from the graph what the new firms average cost of producing output would be. If the incumbent continues. to produce 6,000 units, how much output would the two films supply to the market? Estimate what would happen to the market price as a result of the supply of both the incumbent firm and the new entrant. Approximately how much profit would each firm earn? Figure 9.2 Economics of Scale and Natural MonoploySuppose you are a perfectly competitive firm producing computer memory chips. Your production capacityis 1000 units per year. Your marginal cost is $10 per chip up to capacity. You have a fixed cost of $10,000 ifproduction is positive and $0 if you shut down. What are your profit-maximizing levels of production andprofit if the market price is ( a ) $5 per chip, ( b ) $15 per chip, and ( c ) $25 per chip? For case ( b ), explainwhy production is positive even though profits are negative?Suppose that a perfectly competitive firm faces a market price of $7 per unit, and at this price the upward-sloping portion of the firm's marginal cost curve crosses its marginal revenue curveat an outpuut level of 1,400 units. If the firsm produces 1,400 units, it's average variable costs equal $6.50 per unit, and its average fixed costs equal $0.80 per unit. What is the firm's maximizing (or loss-minimizing output level? What is the amount of it's economic profits (or losses) at this output level?
- 1. A firm in a perfectly competitive industry has fixed costs of FC = 15, marginal costsof MC = 5 + 14q, and average variable costs of AVC = 5 + 7q.(a) What are the firm's variable costs (VC)?(b) What is the firm's total cost function? (0) If the price is $75, how much does the firm supply? (d) Does the firm continue to supply this quantity in the short-run? (e) Suppose there exists a standard market demand function from consumers(downward slopping). Please provide a logical discussion about how the marketachieves short-run equilibrium.Suppose that over the short run (say the next 5 years), demand for OPEC oil is given by P = 165 – 2.5q. Here q is measured in millions of barrels a day. OPEC marginal cost per barrel is $15. What is OPEC’s optimal level of production? What is the prevailing price of oil at that level? Many experts contend that maximizing short-run profit is counterproductive for OPEC in the long run because high price reduces buyers to conserve energy and spur competition and new exploration that increases the overall supply of oil. Suppose that the demand curve just described will remain unchanged only if oil prices stabilize at $65 per barrel or below. If oil price exceeds this threshold, long run demand (over a second five year-period) will be curtailed to P = 135 – 2.5q. OPEC seeks to maximize its total profit over the next decade. What is the optimum output and price policy? (assume all values are present values)21. A long-run equilibrium in an industry exists when cost per unit is at its lowest possible level. O. there is only one firm in the industry. O. the size of the market remains constant. O. price equals cost per unit. O. price equals marginal cost. 22. A tariff imposed on a country as a penalty for dumping goods is called a(n) O. antidumping duty. O. quota tariff. O. ad valorem tariff. O. revenue tariff. O. dumping duty.
- A small firm operating in a purely competitive market has fixed costs of $45 per day compensates each employee $96 per day and has daily input and raw material costs as indicated in the table below. A. What would be the profit maximizing level of production if demand increased such that each unit sold for $130?, will the company make an economic profit producing this quantity of output? b: suppose the demand significantly decreased so that price for a unit of ouput sold to $115 each. What should the firm do? Why?1. Imagine that there is an industry for a particular product where the demand for this product is given by P = 100-X. There are two factors of production, capital K and labor L; the price of each will be $1 throughout. The firms all have identical technology, which is given by a fixed coefficients production function: where Y is the level of output and a is some constant from (0, 1). Each firm has fixed costs of 16. (a) Suppose there are precisely six firms in this industry; they can exit if they are unprofitable, but no firms can enter. What is the long-run equilibrium in this case? (Even though there are only six firms, they all entertain competitive conjectures about their effect on various prices.) (b) Suppose there is free entry into this industry. What is the long-run equilibrium? 2. Suppose one firm in a general equilibrium economy has a technology with free disposal Prove that Walrasian equilibrium prices are nonnegative.The market determined price in a perfectly competitive industry is P = Rs. 10. Suppose that the total cost equation of an individual firm in the industry is given by the expressionTC 1000+2Q+0.01Q2a) What is the firm’s profit-maximizing output level and profit? Is this profit normal profit or supper normal profit? Justify your answerb) At profit maximizing level what is firm total cost, total revenue and marginal cost c) Why does a competitive firm is considered as a price taker and Monopoly firm as a price maker
- 2) Cost functionsConsider the following total cost function for an individual firm: C(q)= 10 +q + ¼ q^2 a- At what level of output is average cost at its lowest?b- Draw a graph showing firm average cost against quantity.c- Suppose that there is an industry with two identical firms, with this cost function. What is the industry total cost curve? What is the industry marginal cost curve?d- Suppose these two firms together act in a perfectly competitive manner. What is the price level in the case where these firms act perfectly competitively? What are the profits of the firms given perfectly competitive pricing?The market determined price in a perfectly competitive industry is P = Rs. 10. Suppose that the total cost equation of an individual firm in the industry is given by the expressionTC 1000+2Q+0.01Q2a) What is the firm’s profit-maximizing output level and profit? Is this profit normal profit or supper normal profit? Justify your answerb) At profit maximizing level what is firm total cost, total revenue and marginal costc) Why does a competitive firm is considered as a price taker and Monopoly firm as a price maker.3. Suppose that fixed costs for a firm in the automobile industry (start-up costs of facto-ries, capital equipment, and so on) are $5 billion and that variable costs are equal to$17,000 per finished automobile. Because more firms increase competition in themarket, the market price falls as more firms enter an automobile market, or specifi-cally, P = 17,000 + (150/n), where n represents the number of firms in a market.Assume that the initial size of the U.S, and the European automobile markets are 300million and 533 million people, respectively.a. Calculate the equilibrium number of firms in the U.S. and European automobilemarkets without trade.b. What is the equilibrium price of automobiles in the United States and Europe if theautomobile industry is closed to foreign trade?c. Now suppose that the United States decides on free trade in automobiles withEurope. The trade agreement with the Europeans adds 533 million consumers tothe automobile market, in addition to the 300 million in the…