37. During dietary restriction, amino acids may be used as metabolic fuels. In this process, glutamate is converted by glutamate dehydro- genase (Section 17-5A) to a-ketoglutarate. a-Ketoglutarate binds to the B subunit of ATP synthase and inhibits its catalytic activity. Predict the effect of increased a-ketoglutarate on ox ygen consumption and the pro- duction of reactive oxygen species.

37. During dietary restriction, amino acids may be used as metabolic fuels. In this process, glutamate is converted by glutamate dehydro- genase (Section 17-5A) to a-ketoglutarate. a-Ketoglutarate binds to the B subunit of ATP synthase and inhibits its catalytic activity. Predict the effect of increased a-ketoglutarate on ox ygen consumption and the pro- duction of reactive oxygen species.

Biology: The Dynamic Science (MindTap Course List)

4th Edition

ISBN:9781305389892

Author:Peter J. Russell, Paul E. Hertz, Beverly McMillan

Publisher:Peter J. Russell, Paul E. Hertz, Beverly McMillan

Chapter6: Energy, Enzymes, And Biological Reactions

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 16TYK

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1. The enzyme glutamate dehydrogenase is important in the breakdown of amino acids to produce NH4+. High levels of NH4+ in the body are toxic, and for this reason it is used to form urea to be excreted in the urine. Using the information provided, calculate the delta G knot prime and the Keq value at 298K for the oxidation of glutamate catalyzed by glutamate dehydrogenase. (Constants: R=8.3J/degree.mol, F=96.1kJ/V.mol) How to identify the final and initial reactions in a group of redox reactions and do we reverse the reduction reaction if the question asks for oxidation?
1. The enzyme glutamate dehydrogenase is important in the breakdown of amino acids to produce NH4+. High levels of NH4+ in the body are toxic, and for this reason it is used to form urea to be excreted in the urine. a) Using the information provided, calculate the delta G knot prime and the Keq value at 298K for the oxidation of glutamate catalyzed by glutamate dehydrogenase. (Constants: R=8.3J/degree.mol, F=96.1kJ/V.mol) b) Given the reaction above, why would high levels of NH4+ be toxic? c) Given the reaction above, explain how a high concentration of gutamate inside the cell would affect energy production. Be sure to be specific.
56. ONE OF THE FOLLOWING IS NOT A GENERAL STAGE IN THE BIOCHEMICAL ENERGY PRODUCTION? A. CITRIC ACID CYCLE B. DIGESTION C. ABSORPTION D. ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN E. ACETYL GROUP FORMATION 57. A STAGE WHERE NADH AND FADH2 ARE OXIDIZED TO RELEASE H+ AND ELECTRONS? A. CITRIC ACID CYCLE B. DIGESTION C. ABSORPTION D. ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN E. ACETYL GROUP FORMATION 58. SMALL MOLECULES FROM DIGESTION AND ABSORPTION ARE FURTHER OXIDIZED TO FORM THIS STAGE OF THE METABOLIC PATHWAY? A. CITRIC ACID CYCLE B. DIGESTION C. ABSORPTION D. ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN E. ACETYL GROUP FORMATION
A4. what conformational state is stabilized by y in atp synthase? why might achieving this state require energy input from the pmf?
9. The transamination of the amino acid aspartate is catalyzed by aspartate aminotransferase. A) Draw out the mechanism for aspartate aminotransferase - you don’t need to show the subsequent formation of glutamate by the transaminase. B) After transamination, write out the subsequent steps (no mechanisms) to generate a molecule of glucose from two aspartates. How many ATP equivalents would this consume? C) After the transamination, write out the subsequent steps (no mechanisms) to fully oxidize aspartate into CO2 through malate (see above). How many ATP equivalents would this produce?
36. In the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA, - an acetyl group is transferred to Coenzyme A to produce acetyl CoA. - only one pyruvate molecule loses one carbon atom with the release of carbon dioxide. - the succinate dehydrogenase complex requires four coenzymes. - electrons are transferred to NADH to produce NAD*.
1. Consider the oxidation of the fatty acid with the common name arachidic acid. a. Draw the structure of arachidic acid. b. How many turns of the fatty acid oxidation cycle is required for the complete oxidation of arachidic acid? c. How many moles of ATP are formed from one mole of arachidic acid if the acetyl CoA produced go to the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation? Assume 1 mole of NADH is equivalent to 3 moles ATP and 1 mole FADH2 is equivalent to 2 moles of ATP. Show how you arrived at your answer
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In the skeletal muscle, in anaerobic conditions, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate is converted into pyruvate during the payoff phase of glycolysis; and this pyruvate is reduced into lactate during lactic fermentation. Part 1-Write the 11 balanced biochemical equations corresponding to all the reaction steps leading to the conversion of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate into lactate through glycolysis followed by lactic fermentation. Part 2-Write the net equation of the whole transformation process (i.e. with glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate as the starting substrate; and lactate as the end product).
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ATP is a (+) allosteric effector, and CTP is a (-) allosteric effector of theenzyme ATCase. Both of these heterotropic effectors bind to the regulatorysubunits on ATCase. The substrates of ATCase, aspartate and carbamoylphosphate, bind the enzyme active site with positive cooperativity (i.e.,they exert a “+” homotropic effect on activity). As the concentrations ofthe substrates change from values where [S] ≪ KM to values where [S] issaturating ([S]≫ KM), how will the binding constants for each of the twoallosteric effectors change? In other words, does ATP bind ATCase withhigher affinity when [S] is low or high? Does CTP bind ATCase with higheraffinity when [S] is low or high?