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- Consider a two-firm model with a negative production externality. Let xi denote firm i’s output, with i = 1, 2. Suppose that two firms operate in two different competitive markets and each firm sells its product in its respective competitive market, at the prices p1 = 100 and p2 = 150, respectively, and that they face the same direct production cost ci (xi ) = xi2 /2. Let e(x1 , x2 ) = x1 x2 be the external cost on firm 2’s activity generated by the production of firm 1. Find each firm’s best response function to the output set by the other firm and compute the Nash equilibrium assuming that firms choose their output non-cooperatively and independently. Illustrate the equilibrium in an appropriate graph. Calculate each firm’s equilibrium profits and the total external cost imposed on firm 2. c. Rational choice theory assumes that economic agents are rational and self-interested. Based on the evidence from behavioural laboratory experiments (e.g., dictator games),…Which of the following statements is correct? Select one: a.In models of network goods with positive externalities, no consumption is always an equilibrium. b. The equilibrium in the hotelling model when both firms have the same location is for the firms to set their prices equal to their (constant) marginal cost even if their marginal costs are different. c. If all firms start wiht the same techonology, under both minor and drastic innovations the inovator firm is only one firm producing after the innovation. d. The Schumpeter hypothesis establishes that competitive firms have higher capacity to produce R&D than monopolies.Assume that Trinbago is a small country that produces wine and motor vehicles, where motor vehicles are capital intensive. Trinbago is also capital intensive, and the standard Heckscher -Ohlin (H-O) assumptions hold. The other country in the model is Vincyland. a) Given that Vincyland is a small country, examine the partial equilibrium welfare effects associated with imposing a tariff on their import good given that the prediction of the imported good yields a positive externality. b) Should a subsidy have given a more desirable solution. Please explain
- Suppose that a study of changes in admission prices reveals that when the price of admissionto the museum increases by 10%, adults reduce their ticket purchases by 10%, senior citizensreduce their ticket purchases by 20%, college students reduce their ticket purchases by 25%,and children reduce their ticket purchases by 30%. If the cost of having a person visit themuseum is the same regardless of whether the person is an adult, senior citizen, collegestudent, or child, which of the following pricing schemes is the most likely to be used by themuseum and why? Group of answer choices The museum will set one price of $12 for everyone because that is the most fair. $8 for children, $10 for college students, $12 for senior citizens, and $15 for adultsbecause the museum can earn higher profits by charging the lowest price to those with theleast elastic demand and the highest price to those with the most elastic demand. $15 for children, $12 for college students, $10 for senior citizens,…Suppose there are three people in society who vote on whether the government should undertake specific projects. Let the net benefits of a particular project be $150, $140, and $50 for persons A, B, and C, respectively. a. If the project costs $300 and these costs are to be shared equally, would a majority vote to undertake the project? What would be the net benefits to each person under such a scheme? Would total net benefits be positive? b. Suppose the project cost $375 and again costs were to be shared equally. Now would a majority vote for the project and total net benefits be positive? c. Suppose (presumably contrary to fact) votes can be bought and sold in a free market. Describe what kinds of results you might expect in part a and part b.Suppose five people have houses on the same small lane. They all individually benefit from regular maintenance of the lane. Their individual marginal benefit curves are P = 8 ― (1/10)Q, where P reflects a willingness to pay in thousands and Q is the length of the road repaired in ten-yard units. The cost of maintenance is $2,000 per ten yards. Suppose one person is currently the only one paying for maintenance. How much does this person buy, and what is the deadweight loss? Does anyone individually have an incentive to pay for additional maintenance, and why or why not?
- Suppose that two individuals, Jon and David, form a community and would like to construct a communal fort that would protect them from attacks. They consume both good X, a private good, and the protection from the fort, P. One unit of good X costs 1 unit while one unit of P costs 2 units, so the budget constraint for each is given by: Xi + 2Pi = 100. Both Jon and David have an income of 100 and a utility function of the form: U = log(Xi) + 2log(Pj + Pd) (a) How much protection, P, will be privately provided? What is optimal consumption of X, the private good? (b) What are the socially optimal amounts of protection, P, and consumption, X, of the private good? How do the socially optimal amounts compare to that privately provided? Explain why.Consider two consumers with preferences Where Ti is the tax levied in jurisdiction i and Gi is public good provision. Assume a2 > a1. The level of public good in each region is decided by majority voting of its residents. If there are two residents, assume that the supply is the average of the preferred quantities of the residents. a. Show that the preferred quantity of public good for consumer h if they locate in jurisdiction i is given by Gh = niah; where ni is the jurisdiction population. b. Assuming consumers correctly predict the consequences of location choice, show that there is no equilibrium if c. Show that there is an equilibrium if consumers take provision levels as given.Suppose an emissions standard is implemented that required each plant to reduce its pollution by 5,000 tons. What will be the Total Cost of Pollution Reduction for the entire industry? Suppose instead of an emissions standard, the government implements a tradeable permit system. Each firm is now given 3,000 permit each (1 permit equals 1 ton of pollution allowed). How many permits will be traded between the 2 firms? (Hint: The total amount that need to be reduced is 10,000 tons. i.e. Q1 + Q2 = 10,000)
- Consider the case of innovating vaccines without patents (in a perfectly competitive market) (a) Does an externality exist? If so, is it positive/negative (or both) (b) Use Coase’s framework to identify the cause of the externality (c) If an externality exists, determine whether the Coase theorem applies (i.e. is it feasible to assign property rights and solve the problem?) (d) If an externality exists and the Coase theorem does not apply, discuss a government/institutional solution that can mitigate the problem of externalityOn 1 May 2020, an environmental tax on plastic bags was introduced in Sweden. The tax is 3 kronor per plastic bag and has made the plastic bags in grocery stores about twice as expensive as before. The tax has been criticized for being too high, since some say that the environmental benefits are not that large from using less plastic bags in Sweden. Assume a market with an environmental damage due to an negative external effect. Say that the demand curve is P=12-Q. The supply curve (firms aggregate private marginal costs) is P=1+0.6*Q. The marginal excess damage is constant and equal to 2. Is a Coasian solution possible here? Explain why/why not.Consider a situation in which two countries, Home and Foreign, can produce a good that is subject to external economies of scale. Assume that firms in both countries face the same average costs curve (AC), given by: AC = m + r/(s+q) where m=3, r=20, s=2 and Q indicates quantity. The demand curves are given by, respectively: Q= b - P for Home and, Q = b* - P for Foreign, where b=20 and b*=40 . Q indicates quantity and P indicates price. Answer the following questions: Plot the AC curve and the demand curve for both Home and Foreign in the same graph (put quantity in the x-axis and price and cost in the y-axis. (Please do not use python to plot the graph and would appreciate a picture of the graph). Assume that both countries are closed to international trade. Compute the equilibrium price and quantity in both countries. Assume that these two countries open to trade with each other. Which country will produce the good? Explain why. What are the benefits of international trade…