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- Understanding the Mechanism of the -Ketoglutarate Dehydrogenase Reaction tshe first step of the -Ketoglutarate dehydrogenase reaction involves decarboxylation of the substrate and leaves a covalent TPP intermediate. Write a reasonable mechanism for this reaction.Which of the following is a correct ranking of molecules with respect to their energy value in glycolysis (note: means greater than)? (a) two pyruvates one glucose (b) one glucose one fructose-1,6-bisphosphate (c) two glyceraldehyde-3-phosphates (G3P) one glucose (d) two pyruvates one fructose-1,6-bisphosphate (e) two pyruvates two glyceraldehyde-3-phosphates (G3P)10. The enzyme that involved in the catalysis from alpha-ketoglutarate to glutamate is A. Alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase B. Glutamate dehydrogenase C. Glutamate synthase D. Glutamate synthetase give explanation for both correct and incorrect options asap
- 10) The phosphorylation of glucose is an unfavorable reaction, with ΔG°’ = 13.8 kJ/mol. We can couple this to the favorable reaction of ATP hydrolysis to make the overall process favorable. a) Describe how this works. b) If ΔG°’ for ATP hydrolysis = -32.2 kJ/mol, what is the overall ΔG°’ of the reaction?1. Discuss the synthesis and utilization of ketone bodies. 2. Describe adequately the beta-oxidation of fatty acids. 3. What are the different pathways of glucose metabolism?1.a. Given what you know about glycolysis and gluconeogenesis, does it make sense that insulin activates PDH phosphatase? Why? b.How do vitamins increase to the breadth of chemical reactions available within a biological system?
- 1. What structurtal property of mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids prevents oxidation of these compounds by the β-oxidation pathway? what additional types of reactions are needed?1. How many ATP is produced in one molecule of glucose that undergo glycolysis plus oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA? 2. Galactose and fructose can also used as substrate for glycolysis. Their conversion into a substrate that can enter into the glycolytic pathway involves the use of how many ATPs? 3. How many ATPs are produced when the product of glycolysis undergoes anaerobic respiration?1. For a saturated fatty acid with 28 carbon atoms: a. Write the products obtained from one cycle of beta oxidation. b. How many cycles of beta oxidation will be required for its complete breakdown? How many Acetyl CoA will be produced after its complete breakdown? (show the calculation) c. Calculate the total number of ATP molecules generated (total energy yield) after complete oxidation of this fatty acid. (show the complete Stepwise calculation)
- 2 The following strain of cells lack one enzyme in metabolic pathway. Which of the following strain can grow on glucose under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions, although it grows slower than normal cells under aerobic condition? Explain (less than 100 words). A strain: lack glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase B strain: lack lactate dehydrogenase C strain: lack pyruvate dehydrogenase1. Select the INCORRECT statement about Glutamate dehydrogenase : a. Catalyzes the removal of NH4+ into glutamate b.Catalyzes the incorporation of NH*4 into a-ketoglutarate c. Catalyzes the removal of NH*4 from glutamate C d. Catalyzes the incorporation of NH'4 into a-keto acid9. Ethanol is oxidized to acetaldehyde in the liver cytoplasm by _____. Select one: a. alcohol dehydrogenase b. alcohol carboxylase c. pyruvate carboxylase d. pyruvate kinase