5. Make a molecular evidence cladogram. Cytochrome c is a protein located in the mitochondria of cellsinvolved with cellular respiration. Compare each organism's Cytochrome CDNA sequences with theancestor cell and each other. Highlights are the differences (mutations) present in the cytochrome CDNAsequences from ancestor cell.12 3456781011121314 1516171819202122232425262728293031323334353673839ANCESTOR CELL A Т ТА G CGA C СAGTA ТАТ С сТА СА А Т С С G T C T АСТТCАT TOАМОЕВАATTA GC GA CCAGT ITAT C CTA CA ATC C C G TCTA CT T CAT 11AT TATC G ACC AGT TT AT C CT ACATT ccc GATACTТ 13SPONGEEARTHWORM С ТТА Т С G A С| С С G TT TA Т С СТ А СА Т тCC C GTCTACT TCт| 15CT TAT C c cc CC G TT TATC CTACTTTCC C GT C TACT TCG T 18SHARKCT A ATCCCCCCGT TTAT C CTACTTT C cc GT CTACTTC GT 19LIZARDCTA ATC c cc cc G TT TAT C CTACTTTCC CAT CTACTAAG T 18KANGAROOCTA A T C C C CC c G T T IAT C CT ACTT I C C C ATGTAGTА GT 18DOLPHINTTA ATC c cccc GTT TATCCTACTTTC C C ATCTACTAAGT 18САT

5. Make a molecular evidence cladogram. Cytochrome c is a protein located in the mitochondria of cells involved with cellular respiration. Compare each organism's Cytochrome CDNA sequences with the ancestor cell and each other. Highlights are the differences (mutations) present in the cytochrome CDNA sequences from ancestor cell. 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 38 39 CESTOR CELL A T TAG CGA ATTAGC G A C CAGT T TAT CCT ACA AT C C cGT CT ACTTCAT 11 ATTATCG AC CAGTTTAT CCT ACATT Ccc GTATA CTT CGT13 RTHWORM CT TATC G AC C CGTTT ATCCTACATTCC c GT CTACTT C CTTATC c cc c cGT T T ATCCTACTTT C C C GT CTACTTC c CAG TATAT C C TACA ATc c G T C TACT T C ATTO МОЕВА ONGE т 15 IARK т 18 т A A A T. clclTl AclI т| 19

5. Make a molecular evidence cladogram. Cytochrome c is a protein located in the mitochondria of cells involved with cellular respiration. Compare each organism's Cytochrome CDNA sequences with the ancestor cell and each other. Highlights are the differences (mutations) present in the cytochrome CDNA sequences from ancestor cell. 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 38 39 CESTOR CELL A T TAG CGA ATTAGC G A C CAGT T TAT CCT ACA AT C C cGT CT ACTTCAT 11 ATTATCG AC CAGTTTAT CCT ACATT Ccc GTATA CTT CGT13 RTHWORM CT TATC G AC C CGTTT ATCCTACATTCC c GT CTACTT C CTTATC c cc c cGT T T ATCCTACTTT C C C GT CTACTTC c CAG TATAT C C TACA ATc c G T C TACT T C ATTO МОЕВА ONGE т 15 IARK т 18 т A A A T. clclTl AclI т| 19

Biology: The Dynamic Science (MindTap Course List)

4th Edition

ISBN:9781305389892

Author:Peter J. Russell, Paul E. Hertz, Beverly McMillan

Publisher:Peter J. Russell, Paul E. Hertz, Beverly McMillan

Chapter24: Systematics And Phylogenetics: Revealing The Tree Of Life

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 7TYK

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6. How do you know if the halibut you purchased at thesupermarket is really halibut? To identify the sourceof a biological sample, scientists PCR amplify andthen sequence a region of DNA known to vary between species. For animals, this DNA region is a648–base pair portion of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I gene. The sequence of this mtDNAregion acts as a so-called DNA barcode because adatabase exists that contains the sequences of thismtDNA region that are unique for hundreds ofthousands of animal species.a. Why do you think that a region of mitochondrialDNA is used for barcoding animals, as opposed toa region of nuclear genomic DNA?b. A single pair of PCR primers can be used tobarcode any species of fish. Explain how this ispossible.c. List criteria that scientists would have consideredwhen determining which mitochondrial DNAsequence to use for barcoding animals.
1. Which of the following is not an evidence that chloroplasts and mitochondria originated as prokaryotic endosymbionts of larger cells? * A. They contain circular DNA molecules not associated with proteins. B. Their membranes have enzymes and transport systems that resemble those found in plasma membranes of prokaryotes. C. Their ribosomal RNA is more similar to that of eubacteria than to eukaryotes. D. They contain their own genome and produce their own proteins. 2. Why does the endosymbiotic hypothesis maintain that chloroplasts may have at least three origins? It is because * A. Molecular systematics link the red line, green line and brown line to three different eubacteria. B. The chloroplasts of green plants show three distinct morphologies. C. The pigment composition and thylakoid arrangement cyanobacteria occur in three different arrangements. D. The phyla of algal protists can be divided into three…
Recall from our classes on molecular evolution that some proteins evolve more rapidly than others. For example, the oxygen-carrying protein myoglobin evolves more quickly than the D1 protein of photosystem II. What explains this difference in the rate of protein evolution? A. Proteins like myoglobin have evolved more recently than proteins like D1 and thus have been forced to evolve more quickly. B. Changes to the sequence of some proteins can be tolerated as they don’t alter fitness; for other proteins, sequence changes are usually harmful. C. In constrained proteins like D1, evolution results primarily from nucleotide changes that alter the amino acid sequence of the protein. D. Protein evolution is dependent upon the rate of gene mutation and some genes have a higher rate of mutation than others.
1) According to the endosymbiotic theory of the origin of chloroplasts, photosynthetic prokaryotic cells________? 2) The tremendous increase in the diversity of animals beginning about 542 million years ago is called the______? 3) Two completely unrelated species that are found in the same environment are observed to have the same adaptation. This observation describes_________?
select the correct options: A) For organisms that diverged >74 mya, ignore 3rd base positions within codons because they will offer little phylogenetic information for organisms. B) use different parts ofthe genome to estimate different parts of a phylogeny C) Use only 1st base positions within codons because they increase rapidly at first, then level off as result of single subsitituions at the same sites D) Use slowly evolvong sites in the squecne, such as 2nd base positions within codonsfor analyzing the oldest relationships among organisms.
1. How does climate change affect biodiversity? Discuss two specific impacts of the changing global climate on biodiversity. 2. Can the benefits of genetic modification outweigh its risks? Why or why not? Provide at least two justifications to support your answer. 3. If a consumer product contains nanoparticles or is manufactured/packaged through nanotechnology, are you going to buy it or not? Justify your answer.
How to write the methodology? I have a practical of HOMOGENIZATION AND FREEZE-DRYING, I need to do a lab report, but I don't know how to write the methodology. Here is the introduction: HomogenizationHomogenization is a process that involves breaking apart cells to release theircytoplasm and its contents. When the purpose is to extract organelles, it is frequentlydone in two steps; first, using a blender to break the tissue up, and then with anultrasonic or mechanical tissue disruptor. The organelles are then generally separatedusing differential centrifugation.Freeze-dryingFreeze-drying also known as lyophilization, and it is a dehydration process typicallyused to preserve perishable material or make the material more convenient fortransport. It works by freezing the material and then reducing the surrounding pressureto allow the frozen water in the material to sublimate directly from the solid phase tothe gas phase.
Sequences of mitochondrial DNA would be expected to most closely resemble sequences from nuclear genome sequences of unicellular eukaryotes like protozoa and some fungi. bacteria that carry out non-oxygenic photosynthesis using sulfur as a reducing agent. bacteria that carry out aerobic respiration (use oxygen as terminal electron acceptor). bacteria that carry out oxygenic photosynthesis using water as reducing agent.
Eukaryotic and prokaryotic ribosomes are similar in that: a. both contain a small subunit, but only eukaryotes contain a large subunit. b. both contain the same number of proteins. c. both use mRNA to assemble amino acids into proteins. d. both contain the same number of types of rRNA. e. both produce proteins that can pass through pores into the nucleus.
2)______is an ever growing body of knowledge that is used to explain our interactions with thE would around us. 3)The energy that is generated in the light reactions is only used for___. 4) During synthesis phase, both ____ and _____get replicated 5) The structures known as____ are the site of protein synthesis and are present in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells 6) Humans have 22 pairs of ______ 7) A nondisjunction during _____can result in a genetic defect in a child. 8) The products of the glycolysis of glucose are pyruvic acid and _____ 9) Electrons are transferred between_____ in the electron transport chain inside the mitochondria. 10)_______ enters the Calvin-Benson cycle and produces sugar as a desired product.
Evolutionary microbiologists developed a theory about a common ancestor for all eukaryotic cells. Below is a model of the theorized changes during the origin of eukaryotic cells. Prokaryotes are not capable of phagocytosis, or engulfing outside particles by creating a pocket in the cell membrane. Which of the following changes in early prokaryotes could be predicted to result in the emergence of eukaryotic organisms? A - the development of genetic transfer mechanisms in prokaryotes B - the evolution of predatory or parasitic relationships in prokaryotes C - the emergence of collections of cells functioning together in prokaryotes D = the expansion of internal structures to support larger individual cells in prokaryotes
Please help with all of these! thank you so much! Neutral regions of a species’ genome that are distant from any selected sites have apairwise diversity (?) of 0.01. Other regions of the genome have reduced genetic variation,and selective sweeps could be responsible for the reduction. Assume that selective sweepshappen at a rate of 10^-10 per bp, and they take 500 generations to reach fixation. Therecombination rate in regions where selective sweeps might occur is 10^-8 per bp. Theeffective population size of the species is 10^5. A. Find the expected genetic diversity (? per bp) in regions where selective sweepsmight be occurring.B. Find the deleterious mutation rate (per bp) that would be required to produce anequivalent reduction in genetic diversity as a result of background selection (BGS)?Assume the same recombination rate as above.