6. Consider the following statements: I. A firm with market power maximizes profit by producing so that P = MC, or equivalently, MR = MC. II. If marginal revenue exceeds marginal cost, the firm should expand output to increase profits. III. A firm should expand output to increase profits until marginal revenue falls to zero. IV. If a firm has zero production costs, it should continue producing until marginal revenue falls to zero. Which of the above statements are TRUE? (a) (II) and (IV) (b) (I) and (III) (c) (I) and (II) (d) (III) and (IV)
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- 1. Which statement must be false?a) A firm with constant returns to scale in production will not have fixed costs.b) When a firm has increasing returns to scale, the upward sloping marginal cost curve lies above the average cost curve.c) All firms face diminishing returns to scale when they have a high output.d) When a firm produces the output which minimises average cost, marginal cost and average cost will be equal. 2. Which of the following statements about the relationship between marginal revenue, price, and the price elasticity of demand, is true?a) A perfectly elastic demand curve will be vertical, showing that the firm sells a fixed output at all prices.b) The more inelastic the demand curve, the flatter it will be where it meets the price (vertical) axis.c) If the price elasticity of demand PED = -1 at all points on a demand curve, then the firm can choose any level of output, and earn the same revenue.d) When a monopoly maximises its profits, demand for its output will be…Output prices average (total)cost Total cost marginal cost Total profit/loss 10 10 -108 20 10 4 -48 30 10 5 3 40 10 6.20 40 50 10 8 60 60 10 10 60 2. i) Find the Average(total)cost, Total cost and marginal cost ii)In which market structure does Johnson Electronics (Pty)Ltd operate? iii)what level of output maximizes the firms profitCompetition and the Invisible Hand: End of Chapter Problem Let’s take a look at Invisible Hand Property 2 in action using a mathematical example. Suppose an industry is characterized by the following equations. We’re going to assume that all individual firms are identical to make this problem a little simpler. Demand: ??=100−2?QD=100−2P Individual firm's supply: ??=0.5+0.1?qS=0.5+0.1P Market supply with n firms: ??=?×??=0.5?+0.1??QS=n×qS=0.5n+0.1nP Individual firm's average cost: ??=5??−5+24.2??AC=5qS−5+24.2qS a. Suppose 24 firms are in this industry. What is the equation for market supply? QS =
- 5. Suppose that market demand is described by P = 100 – (Q+q), where P is the market price, Q is the output of the incumbent firm and q is the output of a potential entrant to the market. The incumbent firm’s total cost function is TC(Q) = 40Q, whereas the cost function of the entrant is C(q) = 100 + 40q, where 100 is a sunk cost incurred to enter the market. If the entrant observes the incumbent producing Q units of output and expects this output level to be maintained, write down the equation for the residual demand curve that the entrant firm faces. If the entrant firm maximize profit given the residual demand curve in a) what output qe will the entrant produce? [Write qe as a function of Q] How much output would the incumbent firm have to produce to just keep the entrant out of the market? [That is, solve for the limit output QL.] At what price will the incumbent sell the limit output?1. Why does the article state that price is not fully within the control of the coffee roasters? 2. What does the situation in question 1 imply about the specialty coffee market with regards to perfect competition? 3. In what way do the implicit costs of the specialty coffee industry differ from those in the commodity coffee industry? 4. You cannot equate coffee roaster explicit costs with coffee farmers’ explicit benefits, despite coffee roasters paying the farmers for their beans. What are some of the factors that account for this discrepancy? 5. Why does the roaster care about the profitability of the coffee farmer? Why would they offset their reduced production costs by increasing the amount they pay to farmers?1. If profit is maximum at sales of 700 units, does the firm have no choice but to limit sales at this level? Explain your answer. 2. A business firm produces and sells a particular Variable cost is P30/unit. Selling price is P40 per unit. Fixed cost is P60,000. a. What is the break-even quantity and break-even point? Show your solution. 3. A manager makes the statement that output should be expanded as long as average revenue exceeds average Does this strategy make sense? Explain. 4. Suppose that the steel firm’s costs are shown below: Complete the table and determine the optimal output to be Price of steel P17 per unit. Output (Q) TFC TVC TC MC TR MR Profit/Loss 0 500 0 1 500 50 2 500 90 3 500 140 4 500 200 5 500 270 6 500 350 7 500 450…
- 2.In order to maximize profits, a firm will produce output where (check all that apply) a. total revenue equals total cost b. price equals marginal cost c. wage equals price times marginal product d. price equals average costQUESTION 8 When the marginal-cost curve lies below the marginal-revenue curve a. the firm cannot improve its profit since revenue is already greater than cost. b. marginal revenue is greater than marginal cost, and the firm should therefore increase production to increase profits. c. marginal revenue is greater than marginal cost, and the firm should therefore decrease production to increase profits. d. marginal revenue is less than marginal cost, and the firm should therefore decrease production to increase profits. e. it is not possible for this firm to increase profits since it is failing to operate at an efficient point.The information below applies to a competitive firm that sells its output for $45 per unit. When the firm produces and sells 100 units of output, its average total cost is $24.5.When the firm produces and sells 101 units of output, its average total cost is $24.65. Suppose the firm is currently producing and selling 100 units of output. Should the firm increase its output to 101 units? a. Yes, because the marginal revenue exceeds the marginal cost. b. Yes, because the marginal revenue exceeds the average total cost c. No, because the marginal cost exceeds the marginal revenue. d. No, because the average total cost exceeds the marginal revenue.
- Identification. Answer the following questions below. QUESTIONS: 1.) What are the ways to cut firm's production costs? 2.) What determines the firm's market power or competitive advantage? 3.) Graphically, in a purely competitive market, demand is equal to what? 4.) Using curves, graphically, a firm will shutdown if what? 5.) What is an output at which the firm makes a normal profit but noteconomic profit?Suppose that each firm in a competitive industry has the following costs: Total cost: TC = 50 + q2 Marginal cost: MC = q where q is an individual firms quantity produced. The market demand curve for this product is Demand:QD = 120 P where P is the price and Q is the total quantity of the good. Currently, there are 9 firms in the market. a. What is each firms fixed cost? What is its variable cost? Give the equation for average total cost. b. Graph average-total-cost curve and the marginal-cost curve for q from 5 to 15. At what quantity is average-total-cost curve at its minimum? What is marginal cost and average total cost at that quantity? c Give the equation for each firms supply curve. d. Give the equation for the market supply curve for the short run in which the number of firms is fixed. e. What is the equilibrium price and quantity for this market in the short run? f. In this equilibrium, how much does each firm produce? Calculate each firms profit or loss. Is there incentive for firms to enter or exit? g. In the long run with free entry and exit, what is the equilibrium price and quantity in this market? h. In this long-run equilibrium, how much does each firm produce? How many firms are in the market?2. A firm can produce up to 500 units each week. If its average cost function is C(x) = 500/x + 1500 and its total revenue function is given by: R(x) = 1600x − x^2 • What production maximizes profit? What is the maximum profit for that production level? • What production makes the profit equal to zero? (that point is called the break-even point) 3. The joint cost (in thousands of euros) for two products X and Y can be given by the following formula: C(x, y) = 40 + y^2 + 3x + 2xy + (x^2) y + y^3 where x represents the quantity of product X that is produced and y represents the quantity of product Y produced. • If 12 units of product X and 20 units of product Y are produced, what are the marginal costs? • What product line should be expanded in the current level of production?