A bacterium of genotype a+ b+ c+ d+ is the donor in a cotransformation mapping. The recipient is a-b-c-d-. Data from the transformed cells is shown below. What is the order of the genes? a+ and b+ 5 a+ and c+ 2 a+ and d+ 0 b+ and c+ 0 b+ and d+ 0 c+ and d+ 5 cbad cadb bcda acbd bacd
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A bacterium of genotype a+ b+ c+ d+ is the donor in a cotransformation mapping. The recipient is a-b-c-d-. Data from the transformed cells is shown below. What is the order of the genes?
a+ and b+ 5 a+ and c+ 2 a+ and d+ 0 b+ and c+ 0 b+ and d+ 0 c+ and d+ 5 cbad
cadb
bcda
acbd
bacd
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- Austin Taylor and Edward Adelberg isolated some new strains of Hfr cells that they then used to map several genes in Escherichia coli by using interrupted conjugation. In one experiment, the researchers mixed cells of Hfr strain AB‑312, which were xyl+ mtl+ mal+ met+ and sensitive to phage T6, with F− strain AB‑531, which was xyl− mtl− mal− met− and resistant to phage T6. The cells were allowed to undergo conjugation. At regular intervals, the researchers removed a sample of cells and interrupted conjugation by killing the Hfr cells with phage T6. The F− cells, which were resistant to phage T6, survived and were then tested for the presence of genes transferred from the Hfr strain. The results of this experiment are shown in the graph. On the basis of these data, give the order of the xyl, mtl, mal, and met genes on the bacterial chromosome and the minimum distances between them in minutes. The origin of transfer is represented by the red triangle. The distances between genes are not…Austin Taylor and Edward Adelberg isolated some new strains of Hfr cells that they then used to map several genes in E. coli by using interrupted conjugation . In one experiment, they mixed cells of Hfr strain AB-312, which were xyl+ mtl+ mal+ met+ and sensitive to phage T6, with F− strain AB-531, which was xyl− mtl− mal− met− and resistant to phage T6. The cells were allowed to undergo conjugation. At regular intervals, the researchers removed a sample of cells and interrupted conjugation by killing the Hfr cells with phage T6. The F− cells, which were resistant to phage T6, survivedand were then tested for the presence of genes transferred from the Hfr strain. The results of this experiment are shown in the accompanying graph. On the basis of these data, give the order of the xyl, mtl, mal, and met genes on the bacterial chromosome and indicate the minimum distances between them.A bacterium of genotype a+b+c+d+ is the donor in a cotransformation mapping. The recipient is a–b–c–d–. Data from the transformed cells are shown below. What is the order of the genes? a+ and b+ 2 a+ and c+ 0 a+ and d+ 5 b+ and c+ 5 b+ and d+ 0 c+ and d+ 0
- In a mixed infection assay between h+r+ and hr phage, where h and r are two genes that govern plaque morphology, which of the following do you expect to observe? only h+r+ and hr only h+r and hr+ only h+r+ only hr All four types: h+r+, hr, h+r, hr+Using bacteriophage P22, you performed a threefactor cross in Salmonella typhimurium. The crosswas between an Arg− Leu− His− recipient bacteriumand bacteriophage P22, which was grown on an Arg+Leu+ and His+ strain. You selected for 1000 Arg+transductants and tested them on several selective media by replica plating. You obtained the followingresults:Arg+ Leu− His− 585Arg+ Leu− His+ 300Arg+ Leu+ His+ 114Arg+ Leu+ His− 1a. What are the cotransduction frequencies of argwith either his or leu?b. Is arg closer to his than it is to leu, or is arg closerto leu than it is to his? What are the relative mapdistances?c. Why can you not obtain an accurate cotransductionfrequency for his and leu from the data provided?d. What is the order of the three markers?e. Draw the crossovers that would produce the classwith only one transductant.f. Estimate the proportion of the 4.9 Mb S. typhimuriumgenome that contains these three genes. Assume thatbacteriophage P22 can package the same amountof DNA as the…In conjugation of a Hfr cell with an F- cell: a) the container cell becomes F + b) The container cell remains F- c) The donor cell becomes F- d) The recipient cell becomes Hfr
- You mix two auxotrophic strains of bacteria; one is leu+ trp+ his– met– and the other is leu– trp– his+ met+. After mixing the two strains, you plate the bacteria on minimal medium and observe a few prototrophic colonies (leu+ trp+ his+ met+). To determine whether gene transfer has occurred through conjugation, transformation, or transduction, you design an experiment in which you place filters between the two strains to see if gene transfer occurs. You set up three treatments:-Treatment A No filter, allowing contact between the bacterial strains-Treatment B Filter that blocks cells, but allows viruses and DNA through the filter-Treatment C Filter that blocks cells and viruses, but allows DNA through the filter When you check the results of your experiment, you find prototrophic colonies have occurred following treatments A and B, but not following treatment C. You conclude that gene transfer occurred through... Answer Choices Available: A) Conjugation B) Transformation C)…Which of the following statement about conjugation is TRUE: During F+ to F- mating, the donor becomes F-. During the Hfr to F- transfer, the recipient becomes F+. The whole bacteria genome may get transferred during Hfr mating. During the Hfr to F- transfer, some recipients become recombinants in which transferred fragment recombines with homologous region in the genome.E. coli cells are simultaneously infected with two strains of phage λ. One strain has a mutant host range, is temperature sensitive, and produces clear plaques (genotype h st c); another strain carries the wildtype alleles (genotype h+ st+ c+). Progeny phages are collected from the lysed cells and are plated on bacteria. The following numbers of different progeny phages are obtained: Progeny phage genotype Number of plaques h+ c+ st+ 321 h c st 338 h+ c st 26 h c+ st+ 30 h+ c st+ 106 h c+ st 110 h+ c+ st 5 h c st+ 6 a. Determine the order of the three genes on the phage chromosome. b. Determine the map distances between the genes. c. Determine the coefficient of coincidence and the interference
- You are given two strains of E. coli. The Hfr strain is arg+ ala+ glu+ pro+ leu+ T s; the F− strain is arg − ala− glu− pro−leu− T r. All the markers are nutritional except T, which determines sensitivity or resistance to phage T1. The order of entry is as given, with arg+ entering the recipient first and T slast. You find that the F− strain dies when exposed to penicillin (pens), but the Hfr strain does not (penr). How would you locate the locus for pen on the bacterial chromosome with respect to arg, ala, glu, pro, and leu? Formulate your answer in logical, well-explained steps, and draw explicit diagrams where possible.Shown below are the complementation test results involving 4 independently isolated lethal mutants in a bacteriophage. Complementation was assayed by simultaneouly infecting bacteria with two phage strains, each with a different mutation, neither of which could alone lyse the cells. In the table below, a "+" indicates the strains complemented each other and therefore lysed open the bacteria. A "0" indicates no complementation and therefore no cell lysis occurred. Test pair Results 1___2___3___4 1,2 + 1 0 + + 0 1,3 + 2 0 + + 1,4 0 3 0 + 2,3 + 4 0 2,4 + 3,4 + Which mutants are in the same gene? . a. 2, & 3 b.1, 2, 3 & 4 c.1 & 4 d.1, 2 & 4Shown below are the complementation test results involving 4 independently isolated lethal mutants in a bacteriophage. Complementation was assayed by simultaneouly infecting bacteria with two phage strains, each with a different mutation, neither of which could alone lyse the cells. In the table below, a "+" indicates the strains complemented each other and therefore lysed open the bacteria. A "0" indicates no complementation and therefore no cell lysis occurred. Test pair Results 1___2___3___4 1,2 + 1 0 + + 0 1,3 + 2 0 + + 1,4 0 3 0 + 2,3 + 4 0 2,4 + 3,4 + How many genes are there? a. 3 b.1 c. 2 d. 4