Describe the mechanisms of horizontal gene transfer in bacteria, describing the manner in which the DNA can be transferred from one cell to another.Choose a disease or an organism that has a well-documented mechanism of resistance (such as methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus - MRSA or tuberculosis) and identify the gene or genes that confer resistance and the method of DNA transfer thought to contribute to its spread. This may be from one organism to another or may simply be passed down from mother to daughter cell due to environmental pressure.

Describe the mechanisms of horizontal gene transfer in bacteria, describing the manner in which the DNA can be transferred from one cell to another.Choose a disease or an organism that has a well-documented mechanism of resistance (such as methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus - MRSA or tuberculosis) and identify the gene or genes that confer resistance and the method of DNA transfer thought to contribute to its spread. This may be from one organism to another or may simply be passed down from mother to daughter cell due to environmental pressure.

Biology: The Dynamic Science (MindTap Course List)

4th Edition

ISBN:9781305389892

Author:Peter J. Russell, Paul E. Hertz, Beverly McMillan

Publisher:Peter J. Russell, Paul E. Hertz, Beverly McMillan

Chapter17: Bacterial And Viral Genetics

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1ITD

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When an E. coli donor cell duplicates a strand of plasmid DNA, and passes this DNA strand to a recipient E. coli cell, without the use of naked DNA in solution or of a viral vector, this is: an example of horizontal gene transfer by means of lysogenic bacteriophages an example of horizontal gene transfer by means of lytic bacteriophages an example of horizontal gene transfer by means of transformation an example of horizontal gene transfer by means of transduction an example of horizontal gene transfer by means of conjugation
Assume that there are horizontal gene transfers between two completely different bacterial species. In one case it is a plasmid that is transmitted via conjugation, in the other case it is it is a part of the bacterial chromosome that is transferred via transformation. In which of the two cases is it likely that the transferred DNA will be present? left and can function in the recipient cells? Explain the biological background to your answer
With the use of well-illustrated diagrams, reconstruct the entire cloning process by explaining different stages of the cloning process that involves the following:a. Isolation of target DNA fragments (often referred to as inserts)b. Ligation of inserts into the plasmid, creating recombinant molecules c. Transformation of recombinant plasmids into bacteria or other suitable host for propagationd. Screening/selection of hosts containing the intended recombinant plasmid. For this stage(d), discuss the importance of a second marker that can be used for screening of genomic DNA for colonies containing the pka-1 under the principle of insertional inactivation. This should be properly explained using all the attributes of the plasmid described above.
Bacteriophage lambda (λ) consists primarily of a head, which contains the genomic DNA, and a tail that is involved in phage attachment to bacterial cells. The diagram to the right represents the bacteriophage lambda genomic DNA, showing the locations of important gene clusters (Ausubel et al. 1998). Arrows below mark the sites where the restriction enzyme HindIII cuts the DNA, and the numbers indicate the number of base pairs in each fragment. The restriction enzyme HindIII cuts the λ genome 7 times, how many fragments are produced following this reaction?
Some S. aureus strains can produce an enzyme called beta-lactamase, which breaks down beta-lactam drugs like methicillin. These strains that make beta-lactamase have a gene called mecA. Draw a diagram of the bacterial DNA encoding this gene, including the following terms: promoter, terminator, coding region.
In gene mapping using generalized transduction, bacterial genes that are cotransduced are a. far apart on the bacterial chromosome. b. on different bacterial chromosomes. c. close together on the bacterial chromosome. d. on a plasmid.
If a vector containing the desired gene X is inserted into a microorganism, for instance, A.carbornarious, and the protoplast transformation resulted in 9 gene X transformants, how to determine which transformant has the highest titer of gene X?
Briefly discuss the following questions in 3 to 5 sentences. What is horizontal gene transfer? What are the three mechanisms for this to occur in bacteria? What are the components needed for the processes of transformation, conjugation, and transduction? How does each process occur? What genes are involved in each process? How do generalized and specialized transduction differ? What is the end result of each? What is recombination? What is the importance to bacteria & archaea? What are the two types of recombination? What are the details of each type? What components are needed for each type?
Refer to the diagram of pUC18 (Fig.) to determine which restriction enzymes you could use to insert a gene that would interfere with production of β-galactosidase by the host cell.
When using a conventional plasmid cloning vector containing a b-galactosidase gene, it is possible to perform a "blue-white screen" to determine which bacteria have taken up a plasmid into which a DNA fragment as been inserted, as opposed to those that have taken up just reclosed plasmid vector, by growing the transformed cells on nutrient agar plates containing the artificial b-gal substrate X-gal. Will bacteria that have taken up a plasmid into which a DNA fragment has been inserted form a blue colony or a white colony when grown on this medium? Briefly explain why these bacteria would form a colony of the color you chose.
A bacterial transformation is performed with a donor strain that is resistant to four drugs, A, B, C, and D, and a recipient strain that is sensitive to all four drugs. The resulting recipient cell population is divided and plated onmedia containing various combinations of the drugs. The following table shows the results.a. One of the genes is distant from the other three, which appear to be closely linked. Which is the distant gene? b. What is the likely order of the three closely linked genes
Describe the three different methods of horizontal gene transfer among bacteria and mention their significance. Be specific when discussing the donor versus recipient cell, and if the donor and recipient cells are still alive after each horizontal gene transfer event is complete. Please be detailed.