A decision tree Group of answer choices None of these statements. presents all decision alternatives first and follows them with all states of nature. All of these statements. presents all states of nature first and follows them with all decision alternatives. arranges decision alternatives and states of nature in their natural chronological order. alternates the decision alternatives and states of nature.

A decision tree Group of answer choices None of these statements. presents all decision alternatives first and follows them with all states of nature. All of these statements. presents all states of nature first and follows them with all decision alternatives. arranges decision alternatives and states of nature in their natural chronological order. alternates the decision alternatives and states of nature.

Practical Management Science

6th Edition

ISBN:9781337406659

Author:WINSTON, Wayne L.

Publisher:WINSTON, Wayne L.

Chapter9: Decision Making Under Uncertainty

Section9.2: Elements Of Decision Analysis

Problem 3P

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The model in Example 9.3 has only two market outcomes, good and bad, and two corresponding predictions, good and bad. Modify the decision tree by allowing three outcomes and three predictions: good, fair, and bad. You can change the inputs to the model (monetary values and probabilities) in any reasonable way you like. Then you will also have to modify the Bayes rule calculations. You can decide whether it is easier to modify the existing tree or start from scratch with a new tree.
When you use a RISKSIMTABLE function for a decision variable, such as the order quantity in the Walton model, explain how this provides a fair comparison across the different values tested.
Based on Babich (1992). Suppose that each week each of 300 families buys a gallon of orange juice from company A, B, or C. Let pA denote the probability that a gallon produced by company A is of unsatisfactory quality, and define pB and pC similarly for companies B and C. If the last gallon of juice purchased by a family is satisfactory, the next week they will purchase a gallon of juice from the same company. If the last gallon of juice purchased by a family is not satisfactory, the family will purchase a gallon from a competitor. Consider a week in which A families have purchased juice A, B families have purchased juice B, and C families have purchased juice C. Assume that families that switch brands during a period are allocated to the remaining brands in a manner that is proportional to the current market shares of the other brands. For example, if a customer switches from brand A, there is probability B/(B + C) that he will switch to brand B and probability C/(B + C) that he will switch to brand C. Suppose that the market is currently divided equally: 10,000 families for each of the three brands. a. After a year, what will the market share for each firm be? Assume pA = 0.10, pB = 0.15, and pC = 0.20. (Hint: You will need to use the RISKBINOMLAL function to see how many people switch from A and then use the RISKBENOMIAL function again to see how many switch from A to B and from A to C. However, if your model requires more RISKBINOMIAL functions than the number allowed in the academic version of @RISK, remember that you can instead use the BENOM.INV (or the old CRITBENOM) function to generate binomially distributed random numbers. This takes the form =BINOM.INV (ntrials, psuccess, RAND()).) b. Suppose a 1% increase in market share is worth 10,000 per week to company A. Company A believes that for a cost of 1 million per year it can cut the percentage of unsatisfactory juice cartons in half. Is this worthwhile? (Use the same values of pA, pB, and pC as in part a.)
Play Things is developing a new Lady Gaga doll. The company has made the following assumptions: The doll will sell for a random number of years from 1 to 10. Each of these 10 possibilities is equally likely. At the beginning of year 1, the potential market for the doll is two million. The potential market grows by an average of 4% per year. The company is 95% sure that the growth in the potential market during any year will be between 2.5% and 5.5%. It uses a normal distribution to model this. The company believes its share of the potential market during year 1 will be at worst 30%, most likely 50%, and at best 60%. It uses a triangular distribution to model this. The variable cost of producing a doll during year 1 has a triangular distribution with parameters 15, 17, and 20. The current selling price is 45. Each year, the variable cost of producing the doll will increase by an amount that is triangularly distributed with parameters 2.5%, 3%, and 3.5%. You can assume that once this change is generated, it will be the same for each year. You can also assume that the company will change its selling price by the same percentage each year. The fixed cost of developing the doll (which is incurred right away, at time 0) has a triangular distribution with parameters 5 million, 7.5 million, and 12 million. Right now there is one competitor in the market. During each year that begins with four or fewer competitors, there is a 25% chance that a new competitor will enter the market. Year t sales (for t 1) are determined as follows. Suppose that at the end of year t 1, n competitors are present (including Play Things). Then during year t, a fraction 0.9 0.1n of the company's loyal customers (last year's purchasers) will buy a doll from Play Things this year, and a fraction 0.2 0.04n of customers currently in the market ho did not purchase a doll last year will purchase a doll from Play Things this year. Adding these two provides the mean sales for this year. Then the actual sales this year is normally distributed with this mean and standard deviation equal to 7.5% of the mean. a. Use @RISK to estimate the expected NPV of this project. b. Use the percentiles in @ RISKs output to find an interval such that you are 95% certain that the companys actual NPV will be within this interval.
TRUE OR FALSE * TRUE FALSE The first step of decision making is to identify and define the problem. Decision making begins with the choosing of an alternative, which is the act of making the decision. Single-criterion decision problems are problems that involve more than one criterion. Multicriteria decision problems are problems in which the objective is to find the best solution with respect to one criterion.
Select the least accurate statement. A) The expected monetary value (EMV) criterion represents the long-run average of uncertain outcomes, so it should only be used for recurring decisions. b) For each possible decision and each possible outcome, the payoff table lists the associated monetary value. c)The certainty equivalent is the certain dollar amount a risk-averse decision maker would accept in order to avoid a gamble altogether. D) For a risk-averse decision maker, the certainty equivalent is less than the expected monetary value (EMV).
An optimistic decision-making criterion is sometimes called: a. equally like criterion b. decision making under certainty c. maximin criterion d. maximax criterion
Uncontrollable inputs are the decision variables for a model Select one : True or false
A graph that helps decision makers use probability theory by showing the expected values of decisions in varying circumstances is known as a(n) a. Gantt chart b. probability curve c. bar graph d. decision tree In the rational model of decision making, evaluation of alternatives a. is the last step. b. should be as objective as possible. c. can only be done with the help of a decision tree. d. is the only step that requires subjective rationality
A decision table describes results associated with which of the following A) Two decision variables B) One decision variable and one uncertain variable C) Two uncertain variables D) None of the above
Select the least accurate statement regarding capabilities and features of PrecisionTree. a) Can generate a decision tree. b) Can allow different input values to be random, simulating the randomness over many trials. c) Can compute expected utility of the optimal decision path. d) Can identify the optimal sequence of decisions. e) Can compute expected profit of the optimal decision path.
9. A decision-maker has two alternative courses of action, A1 and A2. There are three possible states of nature, S1, S2, and S3. The table of conditional profits, as well as the probabilities for the states of nature, appear below. Based on this decision table, which decision alternative produces the higher EMV? States of Nature Alternatives S1 S2 S3 A1 10,000 20,000 6,000 A2 5,000 30,000 15,000 Probability 0.3 0.5 0.2 Part 2 The best decision is ▼ a. alternative Upper A 1alternative A1 b. alternative Upper A 2alternative A2 , with an EMV=$________(enter your response as a whole number).