A generator contains 500 mCi of Ba-131 (Half life = 11.6 d) producing the daughter 131 Cs (half life =9.7 days) at time = 0, the daugther is compelty removed.  (a) When will the Cs-131 activity equal that of its parent? (b) How many becquerels of Cs-131 can then be removed (assuming 100% removal efficiency)? (c) How much total activity of Cs-131 could be obtained if milking were done instead three times, at 122.3-h intervals? (d) If you saved up the Cs-131 obtained in (c), what would be its remaining activity at t = 367 h?

Q: Suppose one food irradiation plant uses a 137 Cs source while another uses an equal activity of 60…

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Q: A thyroid cancer patient is given a dosage of 131 I (half-life=8.1 d) What fraction of the dosage of…

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Q: How many Gy of exposure is needed to give a canceroustumor a dose of 40 Sv if it is exposed to α…

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Q: The tissues of mass m 100 mg have adsorbed N= 1020 alfa-particles each of them having energy E = 3…

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Q: How much is the mass of the sample in grams of Po-218 that has an activity of 5.00 x 1019 Bq? The…

A: Given Activity = rate of disintegration = 5 × 1019 Bq = 5 × 1019 disintegration/second Half life =…

Q: A particular radioactive source produces 144 mrad of 1-MeV gamma rays per hour at a distance of 1.0…

A: Given data: The dose in rad is, Dr= 144 mrad= 0.144 rad in one hour In t hours dose is, D= 1 rem…

Q: The tissues of mass m = 100 mg have adsorbed N = 1020 alfa-particles each of them having energy E =…

A:

Q: Calculate (in MeV) the binding energy per nucleon for 3He and 4He. Which is more tightly bound?

A: The binding energy in amu can be expressed as

Q: A 228Th source is labeled 1.50 mCi, but its present activity is found to be 6.94 x 106 Bq. (a) What…

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Q: How many halE lives would hae to elapse for a Sample of a radioachtve isotope to decraase Of 3cpm?…

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Q: A 54 kg laboratory worker is exposed to 27 mJ of neutron radiation with an RBE of 10. What is the…

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Q: A thyroid cancer patient is given a dosage of 131I (half-life = 8.1 d). What fraction of the dosage…

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Q: A radioactive contaminant gives an unfortunate 0.5 kg lab rat a dose of 1500 rem in just 1 minute.…

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Q: Calculate the mass defect and the binding energy of the deuterium

A: We know: Mass of hydrogen, MH=1.007941 amu Mass of proton, MP=1.007941 amu Mass of neutron,…

Q: In a nuclear medicine scan with 99mTc (t/2 = 6hrs), the signal-to-noise ratio Image size for a 30…

A: Given, Scan of 99mTC Initial Dose, Di=1 mCi Value of SNR = 50:1 Initial time, ti=30 min Final Dose,…

Q: What is the dose in mSv for: (a) a 0.1 Gy x-ray?(b) 2.5 mGy of neutron exposure to the eye? (c) 1.5…

A: The dose in Sv is given by, a) The energy radiation for X-ray is 1RBE. Thus,

Q: What mass of fluorine-18 (F-18) is needed to have an activity of 1 mCi? How long will it take for…

A: It is given that,

Q: Cs- 137 source used in mining industry has an activity of 740 MBq as of August 14, 2017. What will…

A: The formula of the radioactivity is given by  R = Ro e-0.693 tT where, T is the half life, R is the…

Q: A certain biological sample is given a dose of 7.50 rad from alpha particles. (WR = 20) Calculate…

A: Given :- a dose of 7.50 rad from alpha particles WR = 20 Equivalent dose HT  = absorbed dose * WR =…

Q: The annual radiation dose from 14C in our bodies is0.01 mSv/y. Each 14C decay emits a β– averaging…

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Q: Assume one-fourth of the yield of a typical 320-kTstrategic bomb comes from fission reactions…

A: The energy,

Q: A large power reactor that has been in operation for somemonths is turned off, but residual activity…

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Q: A 228Th source is labeled 1.50 mCi, but its present activity is found to be 3.47 ✕ 106 Bq.   (a)What…

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Q: A plumber at a nuclear power plant receives a whole-bodydose of 30 mSv in 15 minutes while repairing…

A:

Q: Technetium-99 m has a half life of 4.8 hours. If a patient receives a dose with an activity of 60.2…

A: Given data :          Half life (t1/2) = 4.8 hours          Dose received (N0) = 60.2 mCi…

Q: A 60 Co source is labeled 4.00 mCi, but its present activity is found to be 1.85×107 Bq. (a) What is…

A: Given ,60 Co source is labeled 4.00 mCi present activity N = 1.85×107 Bq. 1 mCi = 3.7 x 107 Bq…

Q: A particular radioactive source produces 100 mrad of 2-MeV gamma rays per hour at a distance of 1.0…

A: The duration for which the person can stand before accumulating an intolerable doss is

Q: Find the average binding energy per nucleon of

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Q: What mass of fluorine-18 (F-18) is needed to have an activity of 23 mCi? How long will it take for…

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Q: Technetium-99m is very useful in diagnostic imaging since it has a short effective half-life of 4.8…

A: 1 Ci = 3.7 × 1010 decay/s Initial activity = 41.6 mCi Half life T1/2  = 4.8 hrs Total time t = 72…

Q: A drug tagged with Tc (half-life = 6.05 h) is prepared for a patient. If the original activity of…

A: GivenHalf life (T1/2)=6.05 hActivity of sample (A0)=1.5×104   Bq

Q: If a reactor produces an average power of 1000 MW for a year, a. How much U-235 is used up assuming…

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Q: An organic sample of mass 4.00 kg absorbs 2.00 mJ via slow neutron radiation (RBE=5).What is the…

A: The expression for the dose equivalent is,

Q: Confirm that each of the reactions listed for plutoniumbreeding just followingenergy produced by the…

A: The reactions occurring in plutonium breeding are Consider the first step.

Q: RBE is defined as the ratio of the-6 doses required by two radiations to * .cause the same level of…

A: RBE is an abbreviation used for Relative Biological Effectiveness.

Q: The radioactive isotopes of lead PB 209,decays at a rate proportional to the amount present at time…

A: Radioactivity N=N0e-0.693tT1/2t=-T1/20.693lnNN0

Q: A 228Th source is labeled 1.50 mCi, but its present activity is found to be 1.73 ✕ 106 Bq. A.) What…

A:

Q: The activities of 131 I and 123 I used in thyroid scans aregiven in Table 32.1 to be 50 and 70 μCi ,…

A: The expression to determine the mass is,

Q: What mass of fluorine -18. (F-18) is an activity of 10mCi? How long will it take for the activity to…

A: The half-life of F-18 is 109.7 m. The formula for the decay constant is:

Q: Calculate the radiation dose in rem per year for the lung of a weapon plant employee who inhales and…

A: The activity of the plutonium is

Q: If the average energy released in a fission event is 208 MeV, find the total number of fission…

A: Given that                       The average energy released in a fission event is(E) = 208 Mev…

Q: Verify that the total number of nucleons, total charge, andelectron family number are conserved for…

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Q: A 70-kg person experiences a whole-body exposure to alpha radiation (RBE=15) with energy 4.77 MeV. A…

A: It is given that,

Q: Find the radiation dose in Gy for: 160 mSv of β- and rays from the 40K in your body.

A: The dose in Sv is Gy=SvRBE For beta ray and gamma ray the radiation energy is RBE=1.

Nuclear Reactions

Nuclear reactions are processes in which the fundamental characteristics of a nucleus changes. They change into a completely different nucleus. These processes occur naturally in an unstable nucleus. Bombarding an energetic particle can induce nuclear reactions.  In this article, both the naturally occurring nuclear reactions are termed as radioactive decay and the induced nuclear reactions are further categorized as nuclear fission and nuclear fusion.