A negative externality results when a 3rd party is negatively impacted by a transaction they were not involved in. In these situations, the than the marginal private cost. On the other hand, when a 3rd party is is higher positively impacted through a positive externality, are higher than Options: marginal social cost marginal private cost marginal private benefits marginal social benefits
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- Refer to Table 12.2. The externality created by the refrigerator production was 100. However, once we accounted for both the private and additional external costs, the market price increased by only 50. If the external costs were 100 why did the price only increase by 50 when we accounted for all costs?Consider the case of global environmental problems that spill across international borders as a prisoners dilemma of the sort studied in Monopolistic Competition and Oligopoly. Say that there are two countries, A and B. Each country can cheese whether to protect the environment, at a cost of 10, or not to protect it, at a cost of zero. If one country decides to protect the environment, there is a benefit of 16, but the benefit is divided equally between the two countries. If both countries decide to protect the environment, there is a benefit of 32, which is divided equally between the two centuries. In Table 12.10, fill in the costs, benefits, and total payoffs to the countries of the following decisions. Explain why, without some international agreement, they are likely to end up with neither country acting to protect the environment.Computer models of global climate changecaused by increasing carbon dioxide in the atmosphere predictnot only higher overall temperatures, but also more intense andfrequent heat waves. During the devastating European heatwave in the summer of 2003, between 35,000 and 52,000“excess deaths” occurred. Before taking specific actions toreduce carbon dioxide emissions, economists and politicians tryto estimate the costs. Should excess deaths be included as acost of inaction? If so, what value should we place on a life?
- The problems with e.g."Acid rain" created by emissions of sulfur dioxide has been onemajor problem in Sweden, not least because emissions have occurred in other countries (eg England and Denmark) andthen transported here. Now assume that if one tonne of sulfur is emitted in England, it results in one (1) gram of sulfur deposition in Sweden. The corresponding deposit of one tonne of sulfur emissions in Denmark is assumed to be 3 grams. Suppose further that The socio-economic damage of one gram of sulfur deposit can be estimated at SEK 0.10.The marginal cost of reduce sulfur emissions in England is estimated at Z SEK per tonne, and in Denmark the equivalent is estimatedcost to 2Z SEK per tonne. Z indicates here the emission reduction in tonnes (eg in Denmark it would cost SEK 4 toreduce emissions by two tonnes). In other words, Z = 0 corresponds to the emission level where there is no reductionemissions occur. a) Suppose now that the European Union decides that Denmark and England…Both public good;; and common resources involve b. How can the government solve the problemexternalities. caused by people like Fredo?a. Arc t~ extemalities associated with public goodsgenerally positive or negative? Usc examples in your answer. Is the froe. market quantity of public goods generally greater or Less than the efficientquantity?b. Are the externalities a.;;sociated with commonresources generall)' positive or negative? Uscexamples in your answer. Is the free·market usc ofcommon resources generally g:reatc.r or less thanthe efficient use?Explanation it correctly Q)Is nutella positive externalities or negative?
- Define (a) externalities and (b) sunk costs, andthen give examples of each that might be involvedin a proposal by an energy company to build anew coal-fired electric power generating unit. Howwould these factors be worked into the analysis?(a) Explain the difference between a positive externality and a negative externality and why each result in an equilibrium point that is not optimal for society. (b) which externality results in an equilibrium quantity that is higher than the optimal social quantity of a good? (c) how can the impact of the externality in part b be corrected?In 1976, the parents of a seven-year-old boy sued a New York hospital for$3.5 million. The boy was blinded shortly after he was born two weekspremature. His parents claimed that hospital doctors administeredexcessive oxygen to the baby and that this caused the blindness. Thecase went to trial, and just as the jury announced it had reached averdict, the lawyers for the two sides arrived at an out-of-courtsettlement of $500,000.a. If you were the parents, how would you decide whether to accept thesettlement or wait for the jury’s decision? What probabilityassessments would you need to make? Would you have accepted thesettlement?b. Answer the questions in part (a), taking the hospital’s point of view.
- If a) the government uses a tradable permits program for pollution emissions, b) polluting firms are heterogeneous in terms of their marginal abatement costs (MACs), and c) each firm is initially allocated an equal amount of permits, it must be the case that: Select one: a. Firms with higher marginal abatement costs will pay firms with lower marginal abatement costs to abate more. b. Firms with lower marginal abatement costs will end up with more permits than firms with higher marginal abatement costs after trading. c. All firms will end up abating the same amount of emissions. d. All of the above are true. e. All of the above are false.Apply a PESTEL analysis to BMW, Mercedes Benz or Audi (note: the same opportunities and threats will apply to each of them)(300 words) Case is in the link below https://learn-ap-southeast-2-prod-fleet01-xythos.s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/5bfdd02798410/310708?response-cache-control=private%2C%20max-age%3D21600&response-content-disposition=inline%3B%20filename%2A%3DUTF-8%27%27German%2520Performance%2520Cars%2520mini-case%25282%2529.pdf&response-content-type=application%2Fpdf&X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Date=20200514T150000Z&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&X-Amz-Expires=21600&X-Amz-Credential=AKIAIW5OVFIUOTV36DNA%2F20200514%2Fap-southeast-2%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Signature=04fc70b3525f262f45e3fd538055629312c31235de61816a9a1794793d02294cFor a product with external benefits like vaccines (positive externality),which of the following is true?Select one: Oa. The market equilibrium results in too much of the good compared to what is optimalOb. The market equilibrium results in too little of the good compared to what is optimal.Oc. The market will not provide the good; it must be publicly funded.O d. Large economies of scale work as a barrier to firm entry.