A nonsense mutation (a) causes one amino acid to be substituted for another in a polypeptide chain (b) results from the deletion of one or two bases, leading to a shift in the reading frame (c) results from the insertion of one or two bases, leading to a shift in the reading frame (d) results from theinsertion of a transposon (e) usually results in the formation of an abnormally short polypeptide chain

A nonsense mutation (a) causes one amino acid to be substituted for another in a polypeptide chain (b) results from the deletion of one or two bases, leading to a shift in the reading frame (c) results from the insertion of one or two bases, leading to a shift in the reading frame (d) results from theinsertion of a transposon (e) usually results in the formation of an abnormally short polypeptide chain

Name: A nonsense mutation (a) causes one amino acid to be substituted for an
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Description: A nonsense mutation (a) causes one amino acid to be substituted for another in a polypeptide chain (b) results from the deletion of one or two bases, leading to a shift in the reading frame (c) results from the insertion of one or two bases, leading

Biology (MindTap Course List)

11th Edition

ISBN:9781337392938

Author:Eldra Solomon, Charles Martin, Diana W. Martin, Linda R. Berg

Publisher:Eldra Solomon, Charles Martin, Diana W. Martin, Linda R. Berg

Chapter13: Gene Expression

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 12TYU

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If an extra nucleotide is inserted in the first exon of the beta globin gene, what effect will it have on the amino acid sequence of the globin polypeptides? Will the globin most likely be fully functional, partly functional, or nonfunctional? Why?
a. If a single transition occurs in a codon that specifies Phe, what amino acids can be specified by the mutated sequence? b. If a single transversion occurs in a codon that specifies Phe, what amino acids can be specified by the mutated sequence? c. If a single transition occurs in a codon that specifies Leu, what amino acids can be specified by the mutated sequence? d. If a single transversion occurs in a codon that specifies Leu, what amino acids can be specified by the mutated sequence?
If the coding region of a gene (the exons) contains 2,100 base pairs of DNA, would a missense mutation causes a protein to be shorter, longer, or the same length as the normal 700 amino acid proteins? What would be the effect of a nonsense mutation? A sense mutation?
You start by looking at the mutations that Yanofsky recovered in TrpA. One of these mutations affected amino acid number 177 and changed it from Leucine to Arginine – because Yanofsky recovered it in his screen, that means that having an Arginine in this position does not allow the TrpA gene to function properly. Assuming that this particular mutation induced by Yanofsky was a single nucleotide change, what are the possible codons of Leucine that could be found at this position in wild-type TrpA? What are the possible codons for Leucine that could be found in the mutant?. If you took this mutant E. Coli line (that has an Arginine at this location) and exposed it to a mutagen that could potentially change bases, what are the second mutations you would most likely discover that would restore the activity of the tryptophan synthetase gene and where would it be located?
You start by looking at the mutations that Yanofsky recovered in TrpA. One of these mutations affected amino acid number 177 and changed it from Leucine to Arginine – because Yanofsky recovered it in his screen, that means that having an Arginine in this position does not allow the TrpA gene to function properly. Assuming that this particular mutation induced by Yanofsky was a single nucleotide change, what are the possible codons of Leucine that could be found at this position in wild-type TrpA? What are the possible codons for Leucine that could be found in the mutant?
How might a single base substitution in the sequence of a gene affect the amino acid sequence of a protein encoded by the gene, and why? A - It is not possible for a single base substitution to affect protein structure, because each codon is three bases long. B- The amino acid sequence would be substantially altered, because the reading frame would change with a single base substitution. C - Only a single amino acid could change, because the reading frame is unaffected. D- All amino acids following the substitution would be affected, because the reading frame would be shifted.
A mutant strain of bacteria is isolated in which the amino acid glutamine is often erroneously substituted for glutamic acid during protein synthesis. What kind of mutation might be underlying this defect? How could you test this hypothesis?
While characterizing a mutation in a gene of interest, you discover that the mutation involves an insertion within the coding sequence of the gene. You suspect that the inserted sequence is a transposon and would like to determine which of the three major transposon families it belongs to. What sequence elements could be looked for within the inserted sequence that would help place it in one of the three families?
Geneticists have found that when they cut out a eukaryotic gene from genomic DNA that they can hybridize one of the strands of that gene to the mRNA for that gene by allowing the strands to hydrogen bond. Why is it sometimes claimed that alternative splicing of exons from a single gene results in a set of proteins of related function?
What type of bonding interaction causes stem-loops to form?
The amino acid glycine is encoded by four codons: GGA, GGC, GGG, and GGU. Which of the following statements correctly explains this fact? The glycine anticodon contains the sequence CC, but the 5' base of the anticodon can pair nonspecifically with the 3' base of the codon. The glycine anticodon contains the sequence CC, but the 3' base of the anticodon can pair nonspecifically with the 5' base of the codon. Glycine tRNA has four anticodons, and the appropriate anticodon specifically pairs with the correct codon. There are four tRNAs for glycine, each of which has an anticodon that specifically pairs with the correct codon. all of the above
As we described in class, in the early 1960's Francis Crick and colleagues set out to determine how many nucleotide bases make up a codon, before it was possible to sequence DNA and before Nirenberg and his colleagues solved the genetic code. To do this, they used a chemical mutagen that they knew made single nucleotide changes, used this mutagen to conduct a screen for mutations that disrupted a particular gene, and collected a number of different mutations in this gene. Briefly describe the logic they used to deduce that the codon length is 3 nucleotides long.