A steady one-dimensional isentropic flow in variable area passages is called “variable area flow”. In this case, the heat transfer is negligible and there is no other irreversibility due to fluid friction. The following relation is for steady one-dimensional isentropic compressible flow through a duct; where A is the cross-sectional area of the duct, V is the fluid velocity, and Ma is the Mach number. With relevant sketching, analyze its implication in the design of converging nozzles and diffusers if Ma is greater than 1.

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Properties of Pure Substances

A substance with fixed chemical composition throughout is called a pure substance like water, air, and nitrogen. A pure substance does not have to be a single element or compound. A mixture of two or more phases of a pure substance is also a pure substance as long as the chemical composition is the same for all phases. These substances mainly have a constant/ uniform composition. The substances also have fixed boiling and melting points. A pure substance takes part in a chemical reaction to form predictable products.