a. From the graph describe briefly, Hes1 gene regulation in normal and mutant cells in presence or absence of the Sirt1 protein? b. What type of functional protein do you think Sirt1 is? C. Describe two possible biological processes that the normal cell could regulate in order to decrease the amount of Hes1 mRNA and protein.
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- I. The retinoic acid receptor (RAR) is a transcription factor that is similar to steroid hormone receptors. Thesubstance (ligand) that binds to this receptor is retinoicacid. One of the genes whose transcription is activatedby retinoic acid binding to the receptor is myoD. Thediagram that follows shows a schematic view of theRAR proteins produced by genes into which one oftwo different 12-base double-stranded oligonucleotides had been inserted in the ORF. The insertion site(a–m) associated with each mutant protein is indicatedwith the appropriate letter on the polypeptide map.For constructs encoding proteins a–e, oligonucleotide 1(5′ TTAATTAATTAA 3′ read off either strand) wasinserted into the RAR gene. For constructs encoding proteins f–m, oligonucleotide 2 (5′ CCGGCCGGCCGG 3′)was inserted into the gene.NH2 f g h i j k l m COOHa b c d eThe wild-type RAR protein can both bind DNA and activate transcription weakly in the absence of retinoic acid(RA) and strongly in RA’s presence. Each…1. Embryonic stem cells continuously divide and remain undifferentiated. In order to maintain this pluripotency and continue to divide, which gene set(s) must be expressed? What specific components of cell communication activate the expression of these gene sets? There are 2 parts to this question, be sure to answer both.Please help me with the genomics/developmental biology question below: MatchingA. Proto-oncogenesB. Tumor suppressor genes1. _____ Include stimulators of CDK activity2. _____ Hypermethylation of these genes could contribute to tumor formation
- Control of gene expression in eukaryotic cells occurs at which level(s)? only the transcriptional level epigenetic and transcriptional levels epigenetic, transcriptional, and translational levels epigenetic, transcriptional, posttranscriptional, translational and posttranslational levelsControl of gene expression in eukaryotic cells occurs at which level(s)? a. only the transcriptional level b. epigenetic and transcriptional levels c. epigenetic, transcriptional, and translational levels d. epigenetic, transcriptional, post-transcriptional, translational, and post-translational levelsFigure 9.10 In certain cancers, the GTPase activity of the RAS G-protein is inhibited. This means that the RAS protein can no longer hydrolyze GTP into GDP What effect would this have on downstream cellular events?
- For each of the terms in the left column, choose thebest matching phrase in the right column.a. basal factors 1. organizes enhancer/promoter interactionsb. repressors 2. pattern of expressiondepends on which parenttransmitted the allelec. CpG 3. activates gene transcriptiontemporal- and tissue-specificallyd. imprinting 4. site of DNA methylatione. miRNA 5. identifies DNA-binding sitesof transcription factorsf. coactivators 6. bind to enhancersg. epigenetic effect 7. bind to promotersh. insulator 8. bind to activatorsi. enhancer 9. prevents or reduces geneexpression posttranscriptionallyj. ChIP-Seq 10. heritable change in geneexpression not caused byDNA sequence mutationLO: Explain how mutations in regulatory regions of genes differ from mutations in coding region The presence or absence of pelvic spines in the stickleback fish is controlled by whether the Pitx1 gene is expressed in the pelvic tissue. The Figure below shows how Pitx1 transcription is regulated in different tissues. The center image is that of a stickleback embryo. The drawings in the surrounding boxes show the Pitx1 gene region and activator proteins present in the jaw, pelvis, eye, or pituitary tissues. While the diagram only shows one activator in one tissue, many activators are present in a particular tissue at any one time. Activator molecules with specific shading can bind to switches with the same shading. 3a) Based on the diagram, in which tissues will the PitX1 gene be expressed? 3b) Assume a fish inherits a deletion mutation in the pituitary switch/enhancer sequence. You isolate DNA from jaw, pelvic, eye, and pituitary tissues. In the DNA of which tissue(s) would…1. A mutation in the gene that encodes for the histone acetyl transferase that would acetylate histones: Chromatin Remodeling how this might impact gene expression specifically! 2. A mutation in the binding site of an enhancer region which prevents a regulatory protein from binding: Regulatory Regions (Transcriptional Control) how this might impact gene expression specifically!
- 1. How do muscle cells remain differentiated as muscle cells? 2. A mutation occurs in the Drosophila doublesex gene that prevents Tra from binding to the dsx RNA transcript. What would be the consequences of this mutation for Dsx protein expression in males? In females?1. True or Flase: Cells must only divide when they receive a signal to divide. 2. BRCA1 is a gene that codes for a tumor suppressor protein. If a person inherits a mutation in BRCA1, it greatly increases his or her risk of developing breast cancer. Are the cancer-causing mutations in the BRCA1 gene more likely to: a) increase expression of the gene b)decrease expression of the gene c)not affect the expression of the geneWhat factors called mitogens stim-ulate cultured mammalian cells to proliferate by inducing expression of early response genes. Many of these genesencode transcription factors that stimulate expression ofgenes encoding the G1/S phase cyclins and E2F transcriptionfactors.