Chemistry 9th Edition
ISBN: 9781133611097
Author: Steven S. Zumdahl
Publisher: Steven S. Zumdahl
1 Chemical Foundations 2 Atoms, Molecules, And Ions 3 Stoichiometry 4 Types Of Chemical Reactions And Solution Stoichiometry 5 Gases 6 Thermochemistry 7 Atomic Structure And Periodicity 8 Bonding: General Concepts 9 Covalent Bonding: Orbitals 10 Liquids And Solids 11 Properties Of Solutions 12 Chemical Kinetics 13 Chemical Equilibrium 14 Acids And Bases 15 Acid-base Equilibria 16 Solubility And Complex Ion Equilibria 17 Spontaneity, Entropy, And Free Energy 18 Electrochemistry 19 The Nucleus: A Chemist's View 20 The Representative Elements 21 Transition Metals And Coordination Chemistry 22 Organic And Biological Molecules Chapter3: Stoichiometry
Chapter Questions Section: Chapter Questions
Problem 1RQ Problem 2RQ: Atomic masses are relative masses. What does this mean? Problem 3RQ: The atomic mass of boron (B) is given in the periodic table as 10.81, yet no single atom of boron... Problem 4RQ: What three conversion factors and in what order would you use them to convert the mass of a compound... Problem 5RQ: Fig. 5-5 illustrates a schematic diagram of a combustion device used to analyze organic compounds.... Problem 6RQ: What is the difference between the empirical and molecular formula of a compound? Can they ever be... Problem 7RQ: Consider the hypothetical reaction between A2 and AB pictured below. What is the balanced equation?... Problem 8RQ Problem 9RQ: Consider the following mixture of SO2(g) and O2(g). If SO2(g) and O2(g) react to form SO3(g), draw a... Problem 10RQ: Why is the actual yield of a reaction often less than the theoretical yield? Problem 1ALQ: The following are actual student responses to the question: Why is it necessary to balance chemical... Problem 2ALQ: What information do we get from a chemical formula? From a chemical equation? Problem 3ALQ: You are making cookies and are missing a key ingredienteggs. You have most of the other ingredients... Problem 4ALQ: Nitrogen gas (N2) and hydrogen gas (H2) react to form ammonia gas (NH3). Consider the mixture of N2... Problem 5ALQ: For the preceding question, which of the following equations best represents the reaction? a. 6N2 +... Problem 6ALQ: You know that chemical A reacts with chemical B. You react 10.0 g A with 10.0 g B. What information... Problem 7ALQ Problem 8ALQ: Consider an iron bar on a balance as shown. As the iron bar rusts, which of the following is true?... Problem 9ALQ: You may have noticed that water sometimes drips from the exhaust of a car as it is running. Is this... Problem 10ALQ Problem 11ALQ: What is true about the chemical properties of the product? a. The properties are more like chemical... Problem 12ALQ: Is there a difference between a homogeneous mixture of hydrogen and oxygen in a 2:1 mole ratio and a... Problem 13ALQ: Chlorine exists mainly as two isotopes, 37Cl and 33Cl. Which is more abundant? How do you know? Problem 14ALQ: The average mass of a carbon atom is 12.011. Assuming you could pick up one carbon atom, estimate... Problem 15ALQ: Can the subscripts in a chemical formula be fractions? Explain. Can the coefficients in a balanced... Problem 16ALQ: Consider the equation 2A + B . A2B. If you mix 1.0 mole of A with 1.0 mole of B, what amount (moles)... Problem 17ALQ: According to the law of conservation of mass, mass cannot be gained or destroyed in a chemical... Problem 18ALQ: Which of the following pairs of compounds have the same empirical formula? a. acetylene, C2H2, and... Problem 19ALQ: Atoms of three different elements are represented by O, , and . Which compound is left over when... Problem 20ALQ: In chemistry, what is meant by the term mole? What is the importance of the mole concept? Problem 21ALQ: Which (if any) of the following is (are) true regarding the limiting reactant in a chemical... Problem 22ALQ: Consider the equation 3A + B C + D. You react 4 moles of A with 2 moles of B. Which of the... Problem 23Q: Reference Section 3.2 to find the atomic masses of 12C and l3C, the relative abundance of 12C and... Problem 24Q: Avogadros number, molar mass, and the chemical formula of a compound are three useful conversion... Problem 25Q: If you had a mole of U.S. dollar bills and equally distributed the money to all of the people of the... Problem 26Q Problem 27Q: Which of the following compounds have the same empirical formulas? a. b. c. d. Problem 28Q: What is the difference between the molar mass and the empirical formula mass of a compound? When are... Problem 29Q: How is the mass percent of elements in a compound different for a 1.0-g sample versus a 100.-g... Problem 30Q: A balanced chemical equation contains a large amount of information. What information is given in a... Problem 31Q Problem 32Q: Hydrogen gas and oxygen gas react to form water, and this reaction can be depicted as follows:... Problem 33Q: What is the theoretical yield for a reaction, and how does this quantity depend on the limiting... Problem 34Q: What does it mean to say a reactant is present in excess in a process? Can the limiting reactant be... Problem 35Q: Consider the following generic reaction: A2B2 + 2C 2CB + 2A What steps and information are... Problem 36Q: Consider the following generic reaction: Y2+2XY2XY2 In a limiting reactant problem, a certain... Problem 37E: An element consists of 1.40% of an isotope with mass 203.973 u, 24.10% of an isotope with mass... Problem 38E: An element X bas five major isotopes, which are listed below along with their abundances. What is... Problem 39E: The element rhenium (Re) bas two naturally occurring isotopes, 185Re and 187Re, with an average... Problem 40E: Assume silicon has three major isotopes in nature as shown in the table below. Fill in the missing... Problem 41E: The element europium exists in nature as two isotopes: 151Eu has a mass of 150.9196 u and 153Eu has... Problem 42E: The element silver (Ag) has two naturally occurring isotopes: 109 Ag and 107Ag with a mass of... Problem 43E: The mass spectrum of bromine (Br2) consists of three peaks with the following characteristics: Mass... Problem 44E: The stable isotopes of iron arc 54Fe, 56Fe, 57Fe, and 58Fe. The mass spectrum of iron looks like the... Problem 45E: Calculate the mass of 500. atoms of iron (Fe). Problem 46E: What number of Fe atoms and what amount (moles) of Fe atoms are in 500.0 g of iron? Problem 47E: Diamond is a natural form of pure carbon. What number of atoms of carbon are in a 1.00-carat diamond... Problem 48E: A diamond contains 5.0 1021 atoms of carbon. What amount (moles) of carbon and what mass (grams) of... Problem 49E: Aluminum metal is produced by passing an electric current through a solution of aluminum oxide... Problem 50E: The Freons are a class of compounds containing carbon, chlorine, and fluorine. While they have many... Problem 51E: Calculate the molar mass of the following substances. a. b. c. (NH4)2Cr2O7 Problem 52E: Calculate the molar mass of the following substances. a. b. Ca3(PO4)2 c. Na2HPO4 Problem 53E: What amount (moles) of compound is present in 1.00 g of each of the compounds in Exercise 51? Problem 54E: What amount (moles) of compound is present in 1.00 g of each of the compounds in Exercise 52? Problem 55E: What mass of compound is present in 5.00 moles of each of the compounds in Exercise 5 1? Problem 56E: What mass of compound is present in 5.00 moles of each of the compounds in Exercise 52? Problem 57E Problem 58E Problem 59E: What number of molecules (or formula units) are present in 1.00 g of each of the compounds in... Problem 60E: What number of molecules (or formula units) are present in 1.00 g of each of the compounds in... Problem 61E: What number of atoms of nitrogen are present in 1.00 g of each of the compounds in Exercise 51? Problem 62E Problem 63E: Freon- 12 (CCI2F2) is used as a refrigerant in air conditioners and as a propellant in aerosol cans.... Problem 64E: Bauxite, the principal ore used in the production of aluminum, has a molecular formula of Al2O3 ... Problem 65E: What amount (moles) is represented by each of these samples? a. 150.0 g Fe2O3 b. 10.0 mg NO2 c. 1.5 ... Problem 66E: What amount (moles) is represented by each of these samples? a.20.0 mg caffeine, C8H10N4O2 b.2.72 ... Problem 67E: What number of atoms of nitrogen are present in 5.00 g of each of the following? a. glycine, C2H5O2N... Problem 68E: Complete the following table. Problem 69E: Ascorbic acid, or vitamin C (C6H8O6), is an essential vitamin. It cannot be stored by the body and... Problem 70E: The molecular formula of acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin), one of the most commonly used pain... Problem 71E: Chloral hydrate (C2H3Cl3O2) is a drug formerly used as a sedative and hypnotic. It is the compound... Problem 72E: Dimethylnitrosamine, (CH3)2N2O , is a carcinogenic (cancer-causing) substance that may be formed in... Problem 73E: Calculate the percent composition by mass of the following compounds that are important starting... Problem 74E: In 1987 the first substance to act as a superconductor at a temperature above that of liquid... Problem 75E: The percent by mass of nitrogen for a compound is found to be 46.7%. Which of the following could be... Problem 76E: Arrange the following substances in order of increasing mass percent of carbon. a. caffeine.... Problem 77E: Fungal laccase, a blue protein found in wood-rotting fungi, is 0.390% Cu by mass. 1f a fungal... Problem 78E: Hemoglobin is the protein that transports oxygen in mammals. Hemoglobin is 0.347% Fe by mass, and... Problem 79E: Express the composition of each of the following compounds as the mass percents of its elements. a.... Problem 80E: Considering your answer to Exercise 79, which type of formula, empirical or molecular, can be... Problem 81E: Give the empirical formula for each of the compounds represented below. a. b. c. d. Problem 82E: Determine the molecular formulas to which the following empirical formulas and molar masses pertain.... Problem 83E: A compound that contains only carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen is 48.64% C and 8.16% H by mass. What is... Problem 84E: The most common form of nylon (nylon-6) is 63.68% carbon, 12.38% nitrogen, 9.80% hydrogen, and... Problem 85E: There are two binary compounds of mercury and oxygen. Heating either of them results in the... Problem 86E: A sample of urea contains 1.121 g N, 0.161 g H, 0.480 g C, and 0.640 g O. What is the empirical... Problem 87E: A compound containing only sulfur and nitrogen is 69.6% S by mass; the molar mass is 184 g/mol. What... Problem 88E: Determine the molecular formula of a compound that contains 26.7% P, 12.1% N, and 61.2% Cl, and has... Problem 89E: A compound contains 47.08% carbon, 6.59% hydrogen, and 46.33% chlorine by mass; the molar mass of... Problem 90E: Maleic acid is an organic compound composed of 41.39% C, 3.47% H, and the rest oxygen. If 0.129 mole... Problem 91E: One of the components that make up common table sugar is fructose, a compound that contains only... Problem 92E: A compound contains only C, H, and N. Combustion of 35.0 mg of the compound produces 33.5 mg CO2 and... Problem 93E: Cumene is a compound containing only carbon and hydrogen that is used in the production of acetone... Problem 94E: A compound contains only carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Combustion of 10.68 mg of the compound yields... Problem 95E: Give the balanced equation for each of the following chemical reactions: a. Glucose (C6H12O6) reacts... Problem 96E: Give the balanced equation for each of the following. a. The combustion of ethanol (C2H5OH) forms... Problem 97E: A common demonstration in chemistry courses involves adding a tiny speck of manganese(IV) oxide to a... Problem 98E: Iron oxide ores, commonly a mixture of FeO and Fe2O3, are given the general formula Fe3O4. They... Problem 99E: Balance the following equations: a. Ca(OH)2(aq) + H3PO4(aq) +H2O(l) + Ca3(PO4)2(s) b. Al(OH)3(s) +... Problem 100E: Balance each of the following chemical equations. a. KO2(s) + H2O(l) KOH(aq) + O2(g) + H2O2(aq) b.... Problem 101E: Balance the following equations representing combustion reactions: a. b. c. C12H22O11 (s) + O2(g) ... Problem 102E: Balance the following equations: a. Cr(s) + S8(s) Cr2S3(s) b. NaHCO3(s)HeatNa2CO3(s)+CO2(g)+H2O(g)... Problem 103E: Silicon is produced for the chemical and electronics industries by the following reactions. Give the... Problem 104E: Glass is a mixture of several compounds, but a major constituent of most glass is calcium silicate,... Problem 105E: Over the years, the thermite reaction has been used for welding railroad rails, in incendiary bombs,... Problem 106E: The reaction between potassium chlorate and red phosphorus takes place when you strike a match on a... Problem 107E: The reusable booster rockets of the U.S. space shuttle employ a mixture of aluminum and ammonium... Problem 108E: One of relatively few reactions that takes place directly between two solids at room temperature is... Problem 109E: Elixirs such as Atka-Seltzer use the reaction of sodium bicarbonate with citric acid in aqueous... Problem 110E: Aspirin (C9H8O4) is synthesized by reacting salicylic acid (C7H6O3) with acetic anhydride (C4H6O3).... Problem 111E: Bacterial digestion is an economical method of sewage treatment. The reaction is an intermediate... Problem 112E: Phosphorus can be prepared from calcium phosphate by the following reaction:... Problem 113E: Coke is an impure form of carbon that is often used in the industrial production of metals from... Problem 114E: The space shuttle environmental control system handles excess CO2 (which the astronauts breathe out;... Problem 115E: Consider the reaction between NO(g) and O2(g) represented below. What is the balanced equation for... Problem 116E: Consider the following reaction: 4NH3(g)4NO(g)+6H2O(g) If a container were to have 10 molecules of... Problem 117E: Ammonia is produced from the reaction of nitrogen and hydrogen according to the following balanced... Problem 118E: Consider the following unbalanced equation: Ca3(PO4)2(s)+H2SO4(aq)CaSO4(s)+H3PO4(aq) What masses of... Problem 119E: Hydrogen peroxide is used as a cleansing agent in the treatment of cuts and abrasions for several... Problem 120E: Silver sulfadiazine bum-treating cream creates a barrier against bacterial invasion and releases... Problem 121E: Hydrogen cyanide is produced industrially from the reaction of gaseous ammonia, oxygen, and methane:... Problem 122E: Acrylonitrile C3H3N) is the starting material for many synthetic carpets and fabrics. It is produced... Problem 123E: The reaction of ethane gas (C2H6) with chlorine gas produces C2H5Cl as its main product (along with... Problem 124E: DDT, an insecticide harmful to fish, birds, and humans, is produced by the following reaction: In a... Problem 125E: Bornite (Cu3FeS3) is a copper ore used in the production of copper. When heated, the following... Problem 126E Problem 127AE: In using a mass spectrometer, a chemist sees a peak at a mass of 30.0106. Of the choices 12C21H6,... Problem 128AE: Boron consists of two isotopes, 10B and 11B. Chlorine also has two isotopes, 35Cl and 37Cl. Consider... Problem 129AE: A given sample of a xenon fluoride compound contains molecules of the type XeFn, where n is some... Problem 130AE: Aspartame is an artificial sweetener that is 160 times sweeter than sucrose (table sugar) when... Problem 131AE: Anabolic steroids are performance enhancement drugs whose use has been banned from most major... Problem 132AE: Many cereals are made with high moisture content so that the cereal can be formed into various... Problem 133AE: The compound adrenaline contains 56.79% C, 6.56% H, 28.37% O, and 8.28% N by mass. What is the... Problem 134AE: Adipic acid is an organic compound composed of 49.31% C, 43.79% O, and the rest hydrogen. If the... Problem 135AE: Vitamin B12, cyanocobalamin, is essential for human nutrition. It is concentrated in animal tissue... Problem 136AE: Some bismuth tablets, a medication used to treat upset stomachs, contain 262 mg of bismuth... Problem 137AE: The empirical formula of styrene is CH; the molar mass of styrene is 104.14 g/mol. What number of H... Problem 138AE: Terephthalic acid is an important chemical used in the manufacture of polyesters and plasticizers.... Problem 139AE: A sample of a hydrocarbon (a compound consisting of only carbon and hydrogen) contains 2.59 1023... Problem 140AE: A binary compound between an unknown element E and hydrogen contains 91.27% E and 8.73% H by mass.... Problem 141AE: A 0.755-g sample of hydrated copper(II) sulfate CuSo4xH2O was heated carefully until it had changed... Problem 142AE: ABS plastic is a tough, hard plastic used in applications requiring shock resistance. The polymer... Problem 143AE: A sample of LSD (D-lysergic acid diethylamide, C24H30N3O) is added to some table salt (sodium... Problem 144AE: Methane (CH4) is the main component of marsh gas. Heating methane in the presence of sulfur produces... Problem 145AE: A potential fuel for rockets is a combination of B5H9 and 0 2. The two react according to the... Problem 146AE: A 0.4230-g sample of impure sodium nitrate was heated, converting all the sodium nitrate to 0.2864 g... Problem 147AE Problem 148AE: Commercial brass, an alloy of Zn and Cu, reacts with hydrochloric acid os follows:... Problem 149AE: Vitamin A has a molar mass of 286.4 g/mol and a general molecular formula of CxHyE, where E is an... Problem 150AE: You have seven closed containers, each with equal masses of chlorine gas (Cl2) . You add 10.0 g of... Problem 151AE: A substance X2Z has the composition (by mass) of 40.0% X and 60.0% Z. What is the composition (by... Problem 152CWP: Consider samples of phosphine (PH3), water (H2O), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), and hydrogen fluoride... Problem 153CWP: Calculate the number of moles for each compound in the following table. Compound Mass Moles... Problem 154CWP: Arrange the following substances in order of increasing mass percent of nitrogen. a. NO b. N2O c.... Problem 155CWP: Para-cresol, a substance used as a disinfectant and in the manufacture of several herbicides, is a... Problem 156CWP: A compound with molar mass 180.1 g/mol has the following composition by mass: C 40.0% H 6.70% O... Problem 157CWP Problem 158CWP: Consider the following unbalanced chemical equation for the combustion of pentane (C5H12):... Problem 159CWP: Sulfur dioxide gas reacts with sodium hydroxide to form sodium sulfite and water. The unbalanced... Problem 160CP: Gallium arsenide, GaAs, has gained widespread use in semiconductor devices that convert light and... Problem 161CP: Consider the following data for three binary compounds of hydrogen and nitrogen: %H (by Mass) %N... Problem 162CP: Natural rubidium has the average mass of 85.4678 u and is composed of isotopes 85Rb (mass = 84.9117... Problem 163CP: A compound contains only carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen. Combustion of 0.157 g of the... Problem 164CP: Nitric acid is produced commercially by the Ostwald process, represented by the following equations:... Problem 165CP: When the supply of oxygen is limited, iron metal reacts with oxygen to produce a mixture of FeO and... Problem 166CP: A 9.780-g gaseous mixture contains ethane (C2H6) and propane (C3H8). Complete combustion to form... Problem 167CP: Zinc and magnesium metal each reacts with hydrochloric acid to make chloride salts of the respective... Problem 168CP: A gas contains a mixture of NH3(g) and N2H4(g), both of which react with O2(g) to form NO2(g) and... Problem 169CP: Consider a gaseous binary compound with a molar mass of 62.09 g/mol. When 1.39 g of this compound is... Problem 170CP: A 2.25-g sample of scandium metal is reacted with excess hydrochloric acid to produce 0.1502 g... Problem 171CP Problem 172CP: The aspirin substitute, acetaminophen (C8H9O2N), is produced by the following three-step synthesis:... Problem 173CP: An element X forms both a dichloride (XCl2) and a tetrachloride (XC4). Treatment of 10.00 g XCl2... Problem 174CP: When M2S3(s) is heated in air, it is converted to MO2(s). A 4.000-g sample of M2S3(s) shows a... Problem 175CP: When aluminum metal is heated with an element from Group 6A of the periodic table, an ionic compound... Problem 176CP: Consider a mixture of potassium chloride and potassium nitrate that is 43.2% potassium by mass. What... Problem 177CP: Ammonia reacts with O2 to form either NO(g) or NO2(g) according to these unbalanced equations:... Problem 178CP: You take 1.00 g of an aspirin tablet (a compound consisting solely of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen),... Problem 179IP: With the advent of techniques such as scanning tunneling microscopy, it is now possible to write... Problem 180IP: Tetrodotoxin is a toxic chemical found in fugu pufferfish, a popular but rare delicacy in Japan.... Problem 181IP: An iortic compound MX3 is prepared according to the following unbalanced chemical equation. M+X2MX3... Problem 182IP: The compound As2I4 is synthesized by reaction of arsenic metal with arsenic triiodide. If a solid... Problem 183MP: A 2.077-g sample of an element, which has an atomic mass between 40 and 55, reacts with oxygen to... Problem 184MP: Consider the following balanced chemical equation: A+5B3C+4D a. Equal masses of A and B are reacted.... Problem 142AE: ABS plastic is a tough, hard plastic used in applications requiring shock resistance. The polymer...
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Concept explainers
ABS plastic is a polymer consisting of three monomer units: acrylonitrile (C₃H₃N), butadiene (C₄H₆), and styrene (C₈H₈). A sample of ABS plastic contains 11.7% N by mass. It took 1.56 g of Br₂ to react completely with a 2.00 g sample of ABS plastic. Bromine reacts 1:1 (by moles) with the butadiene units in the polymer and nothing else, so bromination is a method for determining the quantity of butadiene in the polymer. What is the percent by mass of styrene in the polymer?
Definition Definition Large and very high-molecular-weight substances that consist of hundreds to thousands of repeating units. Polymers are also known as macromolecules. Number-average-molecular weight is the measuring system for the polymers.
Expert Solution
M a s s o f A B S s a m p l e 2 . 00 g s a m p l e o f A B S p l a s t i c c o n t a i n s 11 . 7 % N b y m a s s N i t r o g e n m a s s i n A B S s a m p l e = 11 . 7 100 × 2 . 00 = 0 . 234 M o l a r m a s s o f a c r y l o n i t r i l e ( C ₃ H ₃ N ) = 53 g m / m o l 53 g m o f a c r y l o n i t r i l e c o n t a i n 14 g m o f n i t r o g e n s o , 0 . 234 g m o f n i t r o g e n c o n t a i n = 0 . 234 g m × 53 g m 14 = 0 . 8858 g m o f a c r y l o n i t r i l e s o , 0 . 8858 g m o f a c r y l o n i t r i l e i n A B S s a m p l e
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