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Q: glucose + oxygen ----> carbon dioxide + ATP
A: In the above question , it majorly explains the equation where glucose and oxygen form a chemical…
Q: ATP releases energy.
A: ATP hydrolysis : It is a catabolic reaction in which chemical energy that is stored in the P-O or…
Q: difference between a spontaneous reaction and one that occurs instantaneously, and what causes this…
A: A thermodynamic system is a quantity of matter of fixed identity. The space outside the…
Q: Glucose entry into Brush Border cells
A: When food is digested in the stomach, the carbohydrate (sugars and starches) in the food is broken…
Q: The process by which ATP is generated by chemiosmosis.
A: Peter Mitchell proposed the chemiosmotic hypothesis. During the dark reaction, the ATP and NADH2…
Q: Breakdown of glycogen to release glucose.
A: Introduction: Multibranched polysaccharide glycogen is a form of glucose that is stored in animals,…
Q: How ATP drives chemical work: Energy coupling using ATP hydrolysis.
A: Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is an energy carrying molecule found in the cells of all living things.…
Q: an electron-donating substituent in the diene
A: Introduction Electron donating groups or substituents of diene includes -CH3, -NH2, - SiH3, and…
Q: Glycogen that is stored in skeletal muscle cells
A: EXPLANATION Glycogen is the primary energy substrate during exercise. When the glycogen stores are…
Q: Expain electron transport system.
A: The electron transport system is the stage in cellular respiration in which oxidative…
Q: Glycolic pathway
A: Introduction: Metabolic pathways are the series of chemical reactions that occur within the living…
Q: To describe: The first and second laws of thermodynamics and also how they apply to living…
A: Introduction: The organisms that inhabit the cosmos are governed by physical rules. They help in…
Q: Erythrocytes are the only cells of the body that use glycolysis for ATP production. Why?
A: Glycolysis is the process of glycolytic enzymes splitting glucose molecules to produce ATP for…
Q: At which steps of Respiration and how many ATPs are synthesized in Substrate level and oxidative…
A: Respiration is a metabolic process,in which free energy released from the oxidation of organic…
Q: Enzyme involved in the second step of ketogenesis
A: Ketogenesis is the formation of ketone bodies (β-Hydroxybutyrate and acetone) from acetyl-CoA.
Q: Pyruvate kinase, a glycolysis enzyme
A:
Q: To explain: Why at anaerobic conditions the consumption of glucose by cells is high and at aerobic…
A: Metabolism refers to the collection of hundreds of enzyme-catalyzed reactions that the organism uses…
Q: Source of ATP in anaerobic conditions.
A: Anaerobic conditions occur when the uptake or disappearance of oxygen is greater than its production…
Q: ATP hydrolysis:
A:
Q: mechanistic interaction between electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation to produce…
A: During muscle contraction, energy is required in the form of ATP. There are two forms through which…
Q: basal metabolic rate and standard metabolic rate.
A:
Q: An oxidative process that releases energy.
A: The oxidation-reduction reaction is also called the Redox reaction. This reaction involves the…
Q: metabolism of vitamin A in a power point slide
A: Vitamins Vitamins are the nutrients that are required in small amounts in a balanced diet.…
Q: explain the process
A: The above image depicts the Photosynthesis process (photosystem 2) and cellular respiration. The…
Q: Location where Glycolysis takes place
A: Cellular respiration is the process of oxidation of glucose to release energy in form of ATP. It can…
Q: The difference between total metabolic rate and specific metabolic rate.
A: Metabolism is defined as the entire quantity of biochemical events that occur in an organism's cells…
Q: citric acid cycle, electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation
A: As you have not mentioned whether you want mechanisms and reactions involved in the citric acid…
Q: When you are exercisirig, activity. Explain how/why adjusting your breathing rate helps to prevent…
A: Breathing: The process of exchanging gases with in environment by inhaling oxygen and exhaling…
Q: the chemical equation for cellular respiration
A: Answer: Cellular respiration is the conversion process that is initiated in the cytoplasm and…
Q: cellular respiration: krebs cycle mind map
A: Cellular respiration is a set of metabolic reactions and processes that take place in the cells of…
Q: .How much energy is released from glucose when oxidized
A: Because complete oxidation of 1 gram-molecule of glucose releases 686,000 calories of energy and…
Q: how many ATPS are produced during one molecule of palmitic acid!
A: Palmitic acid ( 16-carbon) is a saturated fatty acid found in the human body and can be provided in…
Q: how ATP synthase functions
A: The study of chemical reactions that occurs within living organisms is called biochemistry. This…
Q: True or False: The hydrogen ions travel across the ATP synthase which makes glucose. True False
A:
Q: the production of ATP in glycolysis via
A: Glycolysis is an important metabolic pathway through which the cells meet energy demands primarily.…
Q: The Krebs cycle and why enzymes are not needed to power it and how enzymes can be affected by…
A: The Krebs cycle is also known as the citric acid cycle. It is a chain of chemical reactions. It…
Q: A two-step pathway that is activated by the secretion of glucagon and adrenaline
A: Glucagon and adrenalin, both induce an increase in hepatic glucose levels. However the mechanism of…
Q: metabolic pathway of glucose
A: Metabolic pathways is a series of biochemical reaction which comprises catabolic and anabolic…
Q: differences: ATP and ADP, draw and explain
A: Organic molecules are chemical compounds with a complicated structure. Organic molecules are usually…
Q: depletion of NAD+
A: Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide ( NAD) is a coenzyme central for metabolism. NAD is also called…
Q: Concerning glycolysis:
A: Organisms, in order to prevent loss of energy that may happen during the process of respiration,…
Q: Cellular respiration
A: A. Glycolysis will still occur and pyruvate will undergo alcohol fermentation, but the Krebs cycle…
Q: When ATP is formed:
A:
Q: B Oxidative phosphorylation
A: oxidative phosphorylation in cellular respiration. Oxidative phosphorylation is the fourth step of…
Q: Full meaning of ATP
A: There are different biomolecules present in a cell that serve important roles in cellular…
Q: NAD+ ____ when it gains a/an ____.
A: Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide exists in two forms, those are oxidized from (NAD+) and reduced…
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- Figure 27.3 illustrates the response of R (ATP-regenerating) and U (ATP-utilizing) enzymes to energy charge. a. Would hexokinase be an R enzyme or a U enzyme? Would glutamine: PRPP amidotransferase, the second enzyme in purine biosynthesis, be an R enzyme or a U enzyme? b. If energy charge = 0.5: Is the activity of hexokinase high or low? Is ribose-5-P pyrophosphokinase activity high or low? c. If energy charge = 0.95: Is the activity of hexokinase high or low? Is ribose-5-P pyrophosphokinase activity high or low?Energetic of Fructose-1 ,6-bis P Hydrolysis (Integrates with Chapter 3.) The standard free energy change (G) for hydrolysis of fructose-1. 6-bisphosphate (FBP) to fructose-S-phosphate (F-6-P) and P: is -16.7 KJ/mol: FBP + H2O fructose-6-P + Pi The standard free energy change (G) for ATP hydrolysis is -30.5 KJ/mol: ATP + H2O ADP + Pj What is the standard free energy change for the phosphofructokinase reaction: ATP + fructose-6-P ADP + FBP b. What is the equilibrium constant for this reaction? c. Assuming the intracellular concentrations of [ATP] and (ADP] are maintained constant at 4 mM and 1.6 mM, respectively, in a rat liver cell, what will be the ratio of [FBP]/[fructose-6-P] when the phosphofructokinase reaction reaches equilibrium?1. The Fehling’s reaction, which is a simple assay for reducing sugars, was used as a diagnostic test for the determination of blood glucose concentrations for a very long time. However, it has now been replaced by the glucose oxidase test. The enzyme glucose oxidase isolated from the mold Penicillium notatum catalyzes the oxidation of β-D-glucose to D-glucono-δ-lactone. This enzyme is highly specific for the β-anomer of glucose and does not affect the α-anomer. In spite of this specificity, the reaction catalyzed by glucose oxidase is commonly used in a clinical assay for total blood glucose—that is, for solutions consisting of a mixture of β- and α-D-glucose. Explain how this is possible. Aside from allowing the detection of smaller quantities of glucose, what advantage does glucose oxidase offer over Fehling’s reagent for the determination of blood glucose? 2. Consider only the oxygen levels present in the cytoplasm and ECF as shown in the drawing above (no new oxygen is entering…
- #1)What are the main roles of the following amino acids; (within the crystal structure and/or active site. be specific, with pictures and mechanistic arrows as needed) -Glu305 from pyruvate carboxylase -Gln23 from Penecilin Acylase -Ser203 from Acetylcholinesterase #2) Why is L-tetrahydro-2-furoic acid would be a suitable inhibitor for Proline oxidase?Legend: Blue – wild-type β-galactosidase Red – mutant β-galactosidase _________ a. What is the optimum pH of wild type β-galactosidase? _________ b. What is the optimum temperature of mutant β-galactosidase? _________ c. Which enzyme has the greater activity at pH 7.2? _________ d. Which enzyme has the greater activity at a temperature of 42.5oC? _________ e. Which enzyme has greater activity if pH decreases from 7.5 to 6.4? _________ f. Which enzyme has greater activity if temperature increases from 40oC to 41 oC?9. The transamination of the amino acid aspartate is catalyzed by aspartate aminotransferase. A) Draw out the mechanism for aspartate aminotransferase - you don’t need to show the subsequent formation of glutamate by the transaminase. B) After transamination, write out the subsequent steps (no mechanisms) to generate a molecule of glucose from two aspartates. How many ATP equivalents would this consume? C) After the transamination, write out the subsequent steps (no mechanisms) to fully oxidize aspartate into CO2 through malate (see above). How many ATP equivalents would this produce?
- In the first step of the aldolase reaction, an active site Lys229 residue, with its side chain amino group in the deprotonated state, acts as a nucleophile and attacks the carbonyl C2 carbon of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate to form a Schiff base (boxed in the scheme). Since the pKa of the Lys side chain amino group in free solution is ~10.5, the pKa of Lys229 side chain must have been perturbed to a (higher lower) value for the enzyme to be active at neutral pH. the answer should include sufficient details, including the definition of pKa.#1 Specify the role each of the following amino acids play within the crystal structure and/or active site for Be as specific as possible, with pictures (and mechanistic arrows) as necessary. His11 Arg140 Glu89 Trp68 #2 Provide a step-wise mechanism for the reaction Bisphosphoglycerate mutase catalyzes, using the amino acids responsible for aiding in catalysis. You do not need to add surrounding amino acids that aid in substrate specificity. (drawn out)From the complete oxidation of glucose (glucose → 6CO2), how many total nucleotide triphosphates are yielded (be sure to deduct payback) as part of substrate level phosphorylation?
- 1. Hexokinase (HK) catalyses the conversion of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate. There four distinct mammalian HK isoforms [I, II, III, and IV (glucokinase)]. HK I in red blood cells (RBCs) has a Km of 0.05mM, while HK IV, in the liver, has a Km of 5 mM. Explain how the marked differences in Km between HK1 and HKIV supports the function of red blood cells and liver1.Why do you think glutathione occurs in a concentration as high as glucose? 2.Explain why glutathione must be transported from cytosol to mitochondria. 3.Explain why glutathione can confer therapeutic benefit when taken orally.1. What structurtal property of mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids prevents oxidation of these compounds by the β-oxidation pathway? what additional types of reactions are needed?
