(b)the activity of the malate-aspartate shuttle (MAS) system ofisolated rat brain mitochondria suspended in an isotonic me-dium buffered to pH 7.4. Diagram A illustrates NADH fluo-rescence emission upon addition of Glutamate in the ab-sence and presence of Aspartate. Diagram B illustrates sim-ilarly NADH fluorescence emission upon addition of Gluta-mate in the presence of Aspartate followed by additions ofsubmicromolar concentrations of Ca2+. As is well estab-lished, the MAS in brain, skeletal muscle, and cardiac mus-Diagrams A and B on the right show changes inGluA GluВ-No Asp+ 0+0.12-0.48+ 160.81+1.8++Asp10 min2 mincle mitochondria is activated by cytosolic concentrations of Ca2* < 3 µM. To simulate the cytosolicpart of the MAS, the following reagents were added to the medium: 4 units/ml glutamate-oxaloacetatetransaminase, 6 units/ml malate dehydrogenase, 66 µM NADH, 5 mM aspartate, 5 mM malate, 0.5 mMADP, 200 nM ruthenium red (to block the mitochondrial Ca2* Uniporter), and appropriate CaCl2 addi-tions, as shown.(b1)the cell?What is the metabolic result of the malate-aspartate shuttle and how is this beneficial to(b2)inner mitochondrial membrane. They translocate a metabolite into the matrix in exchange for translo-cating a metabolite into the intermembrane space and cytosol. Write with words the metabolites thatare exchanged by each transporter protein and indicate in which direction they are translocated.There are two transporter proteins constituting the malate-aspartate shuttle located in the(b3)of ADP. Explain why the fluorescence emission decays and how does this reflect your answer in part(b1) above. What is the role of the ADP?Diagrams A and B show the rate of decay of NADH fluorescence emission in the presence0.5 a.u.'n'e G'o

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(b) the activity of the malate-aspartate shuttle (MAS) system of isolated rat brain mitochondria suspended in an isotonic me- dium buffered to pH 7.4. Diagram A illustrates NADH fluo- rescence emission upon addition of Glutamate in the ab- sence and presence of Aspartate. Diagram B illustrates sim- ilarly NADH fluorescence emission upon addition of Gluta- mate in the presence of Aspartate followed by additions of Diagrams A and B on the right show changes in

(b) the activity of the malate-aspartate shuttle (MAS) system of isolated rat brain mitochondria suspended in an isotonic me- dium buffered to pH 7.4. Diagram A illustrates NADH fluo- rescence emission upon addition of Glutamate in the ab- sence and presence of Aspartate. Diagram B illustrates sim- ilarly NADH fluorescence emission upon addition of Gluta- mate in the presence of Aspartate followed by additions of Diagrams A and B on the right show changes in

Biology: The Dynamic Science (MindTap Course List)

4th Edition

ISBN:9781305389892

Author:Peter J. Russell, Paul E. Hertz, Beverly McMillan

Publisher:Peter J. Russell, Paul E. Hertz, Beverly McMillan

Chapter6: Energy, Enzymes, And Biological Reactions

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1ITD

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Assume that you have genetically modified the gene for the glucagon receptor in a rat. Theextracellular region of the modified glucagon receptor can still bind to glucagon. However, thecytoplasmic region of the modified glucagon receptor can only bind and activate an inhibitoryG protein in response to glucagon binding. Describe how lipid metabolism in this geneticallymodified rat responds to starvation. Briefly explain your reasonings please
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