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- The glycerol phosphate shuttle moves reducing equivalents (electrons) from the cytosol to the mitochondrial matrix. Which of the following is not a feature of this shuttle? a) Cytoplasmic glycerol phosphate dehydrogenase converts dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) to glycerol-3-phosphate. b) Mitochondrial glycerol phosphate dehydrogenase converts glycerol-3-phosphate to DHAP. c) Cytoplasmic NADH is oxidized to NAD+. d) Mitochondrial NAD+ is reduced to NADH. e) 1.5 ATPs are formed per cytoplasmic NADH shuttled.Cyanide is an inhibitor of Complex IV of the electron transport chain, i.e., it inhibits the reduction of oxygen to water. Dinitrophenol is a drug that collapses the H+ gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane. You are given 2 bottles labeled “A” and “B”. One of them has cyanide and the other has dinitrophenol. You are tasked with identifying which of A or B is cyanide and which one is dinitrophenol. You are provided with the following items: A suspension of live, functioning mitochondria A pH-sensitive dye that can permeate both mitochondrial membranes (inner and outer and is red at low pH and blue at high pH. First, what does it mean to say “collapse the H+ gradient”? Make a flow-chart to show how you would do an experiment with the items provided to identify which bottle is cyanide and which is dinitrophenol.Cyanide is an inhibitor of Complex IV of the electron transport chain, i.e., it inhibits the reduction of oxygen to water. Dinitrophenol is a drug that collapses the H+ gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane. You are given 2 bottles labeled “A” and “B”. One of them has cyanide and the other has dinitrophenol. You are tasked with identifying which of A or B is cyanide and which one is dinitrophenol. You are provided with the following items: A suspension of live, functioning mitochondria A pH-sensitive dye that can permeate both mitochondrial membranes (inner and outer and is red at low pH and blue at high pH. Make a flow-chart to show how you would do an experiment with the items provided to identify which bottle is cyanide and which is dinitrophenol.
- Fill in the bold using the table. Because the inner mitochondrial membrane is impermeable to L, when there is an excess of mitochondrial L, it converts to M using a TCA condensation reaction, M crosses to the cytosol using a designated transport system. In the cytosol, M reconverts to L and oxaloacetate. Oxaloacetate is subsequently converted to malate with simultaneous production of N, a prerequisite cofactor for the glycolysis pathway. This reaction is then followed by conversion of N to pyruvate which produces O, a prerequisite cofactor for the fatty acid synthesis pathway. L M N O A. ATP pyruvate malate NADPH B. ATP citrate ATP NAD+ C. acetyl CoA pyruvate NAD+ NADH D. acetyl CoA citrate NAD+ NADPH E. glucose pyruvate malate NADP+Which of the following statements is true? A. The NADH dehydrogenase complex can pump more protons than can the cytochrome b-c1 complex. B. The pH in the mitochondrial matrix is higher than the pH in the intermembrane space. C. The proton concentration gradient and the membrane potential across the inner mitochondrial membrane tend to work against each other in driving protons from the intermembrane space into the matrix. D. The difference in proton concentration across the inner mitochondrial membrane has a much larger effect than the membrane potential on the total proton-motive force.In oxidative phosphorylation.... 1. Succinate contributes 2e- to Complex II and 2H+ to the mitochondrial proton gradient. 2. NADH in the matrix passes 2 e- to coenzyme Q via Complex I. 3. Complexes I, II, III, and IV each contribute to the matrix proton gradient. 4. O2 stabilizes the catalytically active conformation of Complex V. 5. Reversible protonation of c subunits leads to rotation of the Complex V gamma subunit. 6. Each β subunit can bind ATP tightly under the right conditions. 7. For every 3 protons that pass across the inner mitochondrial membrane, 1 ATP is produced. Choose all options that are true.
- If 32P-labeled ATP is provides for the reactions of glycosis, which of the following would be TRUE about 1.3 biphosphoglycerate? A. 50% of 1,3-bis phosphoglycerate would contain 32P B. 100% of 1,3-bis phosphoglycerate would contain 32P on carbon 1 C. 100% of 1,3-bis phosphoglycerate would contain 32 P on carbon 3 D. 50% of 1,3-bis phosphoglycerate would contain 32P on carbon 3 E. 50% of 1,3-bis phosphoglycerate would contain 32P on carbon 1How many ATP molecules can be generated from one mol of 14CH3-COOH? (The conversion of acetate to acetyl-CoA requires the consumption of 2 ATP.)Given that malonate inhibits succinate dehydrogenase which of the following statements is TRUE? a. FADH2 results in only 4 H+ being pumped out of the mitochondrial matrix. b. All electron transport is inhibited. c. Transfer of electrons from NADH to Coenzyme Q (ubiquinone) is inhibited. d. Transfer of electrons from FADH2 to Coenzyme Q (ubiquinone) is inhibited. e. NADH results in only 4 H+ being pumped out of the mitochondrial matrix. Clear my choice
- Which of the following is the second step of Citric Acid Cycle? Select one: a. Isocitrate and then decarboxylated and oxidized to produce alpha-ketoglutarate, Carbon dioxide and NADH b. Succinyl-CoA becomes Succinate and forms one ATP molecule and Coenzyme A-SH c. alpha-ketoglutarate is oxidized and decarboxylated to produce Succinyl-CoA, Carbon dioxide and NADH d. Malate is oxidized to become oxaloacetate forming NADH e. Fumarate is combined with water to become Malate f. Citrate is rearranged to become Isocitrate g. Pyruvate is decarboxylated to become acetyl-CoA producing NADH and Carbon dioxide h. Oxaloacetate combines with the acetyl from acetyl-CoA to produce Citric acid(citrate) i. Succinate is oxidized to become fumarate forming FADH2Since no molecular oxygen participates in the citric acid cycle, the steps in which acetyl groups are oxidized to CO2 involve removal of hydride ions and hydrogen ions. What is the acceptor of hydride ions? What is the acceptor of hydrogen ions?Indicate whether each of the following aspects of the carnitine shuttle system associated with the process of B oxidation occurs in the mitochondrial matrix or in the mitochondrial intermembrane space. a. Acyl CoA is reactant b. Carnitine enters the inner mitochondrial membrane. c. Carnitine is covered to acyl carnitine. d. Free CoA is reactant
