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- Endothelins are 21-amino acid vasoconstricting peptides produced primarily in the endothelium. They have an important role in vascular homeostasis. Endothelin activates G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) ETA or ETB on a target cell. Which subunit of heterotrimeric G protein is released when the receptor is activated? a.) gamme b.) beta c.) alphaExposing cells to which of the following drugs would inhibit the slow output response of a cell to a signaling ligandwithout having an effect on the fast output response ? A. Latrunculin - a molecule isolated from sponges, which binds near the nucleotide-binding cleft of monomericactin.B. Taxol - a molecule isolated from the bark of the pacific yew, which that stabilizes microtubules.C. Alpha-amanitin - a molecule isolated from deathcap mushrooms, which blocks RNA polymerase II.D. Phalloidin - a molecule isolated from deathcap mushrooms that stabilizes f-actin.E. Sodium orthovanadate - a molecule that inhibits alkaline and tyrosine phosphatases.true or false? And why it is false For the actin cytoskeleton, diverse cell-surface receptors trigger global structural rearrangements in response to external signals. But all these signals seem to converge inside the cell on a group of closely related monomeric GTPases that are members of the Rho protein family—Cdc42, Ras, and Rho. The same Rho family proteins are also involved in the establishment of many kinds of cell polarity.
- Cell signaling involves only one molecule, the receptor. True FalseThe properties of two types of organization of kinases (held in a signaling complex by a scaffolding protein and the other kinases are freely diffusible) in terms of signal amplification, speed, and potential for cross-talk between signaling pathways.Cell signaling in plant and animal cells is similar in those ways and different in others. Offer one or more hypotheses for these similarities and differences, and cite specific examples.
- Cell signaling in plant and animal cells is similar in some ways and different in others. Offer one or more hypotheses for these similarities and differences,and cite specific examples.Receptor tyrosine kinase’s catalyze the phosphorylation of target proteins which means they are classified as an _______________________ receptorHistamine binds to the H1 G-protein-linked receptor to initiate the itchiness and airway constriction associated with an allergic response. If a mutation in the associated G-protein’s alpha subunit prevented the hydrolysis of GTP how would the allergic response change? More severe allergic response compared to normal G-protein signaling. Less severe allergic response compared to normal G-protein signaling. No allergic response. No change compared to normal G-protein signaling.
- Figure 9.8 HER2 is a receptor tyrosine kinase. In 30 percent of human breast cancers, HER2 is permanently activated, resulting in unregulated cell division. Lapatinib, a drug used to treat breast cancer, inhibits HER2 receptor tyrosine kinase autophosphorylation (the process by which the receptor adds phosphates onto itself), thus reducing tumor growth by 50 percent. Besides autophosphorylation, which of the following steps would be inhibited by Lapatinib? Signaling molecule binding, dimerization, and the downstream cellular response. Dimerization, and the downstream cellular response. The downstream cellular response. Phosphatase activity, dimerization, and the downsteam cellular response.You expressed G-protein coupled receptor T (GPCR T) and reconstituted the receptor in a synthetic phospholipid bilayer. The GPCR is activated by a ligand X, sketch the signaling pathway assuming all the necessary proteins are present.Need help Explain neurons as a specialized form of cell signalling that acts long-distance, rapidly, and on defined target cells. How do neurons use existing Na/K gradients? Why do our brains consume massive amounts of energy (glucose)? Be able to explain the role of gated channels in neuron action potential signalling.