Can you illustrate the detailed process of cellulose degradation in a flowchart, including the important enzymes involved?
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Can you illustrate the detailed process of cellulose degradation in a flowchart, including the important enzymes involved?
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- What is the optimal temperature for catalase? Why do you think it becomes less effective at high or low temperatures?Describe each step of the metabolic pathway shown in the image below. Linoleic Acid Metabolism 18:2n-6, HO. Linoleic Acid 18:3n-6 он Gamma Linolenic Acid 20:3n-6 он Dihomo Gamma Linolenic Acid 20:4n-6 HO, Arachidonic Acid 22:4n-6 но, Docosatetraenoic AcidWhat is the role of dictyosomes in cell metabolism? What is their forming face? Their maturing face? With references
- Switchgrass is used for ethanol production. The composition of the switchgrass is 37% cellulose, 24% xylan, 3% galactan, 4% arabinan, 20% lignin, 7% extractives, and 5% ash. A dilute acid pretreatment method is applied to the switchgrass before enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation. The pretreatment hydrolyzes 10% hexosan and 90% pentosan into monomeric sugars. Approximately 30% of the hydrolyzed pentoses further react & are decomposed to furfural. Assume that there is no decomposition of the hydrolyzed hexoses. Further Assume that lignin, extractives, and ash do not change during the pretreatment. • How much of each lignocellulosic sugar (glucose, xylose, galactose, and arabinose) is produced when pretreating 1,000 kg (dry matter) switchgrass? How much furfural is formed? • Is water consumed or produced in these pretreatment hydrolysis and dehydration reactions? How much in each?During cheese production, LAB convert lactose to lactate and casein (milk protein) to amino acids. Lactate and amino acids then become the substrates for further microbial growth, which results in aroma production and deacidification of the cheese. The yeast Yarrowia lipolytica grows on the surface of many cheeses; it is capable of both lactate and amino acid catabolism. When grown on a lactate plus amino acid medium, Y. lipolytica preferentially consumes amino acids. Amino acid degradation results in the release of ammonia, which increases the pH. Draw a flow chart that shows the LAB fermentation of milk, followed by the growth of Y. lipolytica. Indicate which substrates are consumed first and what happens to the pH. Based on this simplified scenario, why do you think most cheeses involve the activity of more than one yeast species?In casein hydrolysis what role do exoenzymes play in the nutrition of microorganisims?
- Does concentration of xylulose-5-phosphate increase in cells after eating rice? ExplainYou inoculate two test tubes with the same amount of identical growth medium and with the same number of identical yeast cells and grow these cells under identical conditions except for the presence or absence of oxygen. b) The cells of both cultures convert glucose to pyruvate via glycolysis, and then further metabolize pyruvate. Are the cells of both cultures able to obtain the same amount of ATP from glycolysis? Explain. Under anaerobic conditions, the carbon from pyruvate will ultimately be found in which molecule? Under aerobic conditions, the carbon from pyruvate will ultimately be found in which molecule?J. C. Servaites, in Plant Physiol. (1985) 78:839–843, observed that Rubisco from tobacco leaves collected before dawn had a much lower specific activity than the enzyme collected at noon. This difference persisted despite extensive dialysis, gel filtration, or heat treatment. However, precipitation of the predawn enzyme by 50% (NH4)2SO4 restored the specific activity to the level of the noon-collected enzyme. Suggest an explanation.
- Why are a higher number of sugar molecules displaced when sucrose concentration levels are high?The synthesis of microbial cellular features (e.g. sugars and amino acids) can be summarized with which of the following statements? Each molecule that needs to be synthesized O has its own unique carbon fixation pathway to ensure that there is no fixation unless that particular molecule is needed. O must be oxidized to generate energy (via the electron transport chain) necessary to conduct biosynthesis. O will be modified from common precursor molecules to meet the needs of the cell. O will be passed through one of the glycolytic pathways to form pyruvate. O must be taken up from the environment in the form necessary to mcet the needs of the cell.The following four chemicals commonly found in defined growth media contain all of the necessary atomic macronutrients, namely C, O, N, H, S and P, which microbes require: glucose (C6H12O6), K2HPO4, MgSO4.7H2O, and (NH4)HPO4. Part a. Create a simple diagram to map which growth media chemical contributes atoms to which of the four biological macromolecules (amino acids, polysaccharides, lipids, and ribonucleic acids). Part b. Consider a cell culture broth that originally (before inoculation with cells) contains 5.0 gr/L glucose (C6H12O6), 1.2 gr/L K2HPO4, 0.3 gr/L MgSO4∙7H2O, and 1.0 gr/L (NH4)HPO4. Create a table showing how much of each of the different atoms (C, H, O, K, P, Mg, S, N) are available for incorporation into cell macromolecules (assume 50% of the glucose is catabolized, while the remainder goes for energy (respiration). Express your answers with units of grams of atomic species / liter of culture broth.