(2) Below is an Extraction Flowchart for the separation of a three-component mixture. Several of the steps are missing, as well as several of the structures throughout the flowchart. Using the ChemDraw Template provided, fill in the missing steps and structures. In each step, be sure that all necessary reagents (organic solvents, aqueous solutions, drying agents) and manipulations (shaking/mixing, separating phases, filtering/decanting) are included in their proper order. Clearly indicate the structures of the compounds at each step in the process, and be sure to refer to Lab Manual Section 8.5 for an example of the format. 1. Add CH2CI2 2. Add NaOH(1 M aq.) 3. Mix 4. Allow layers to separate H,N. H20 HO, CH2CI2 Separate CH2CI2 H20 1. Add CH2CI2 2. Add HCI (1 M aq.) 3. Mix 4. Allow layers to separate H20 H20 CH,Cl2 CH2CI2 Separate H20 CH2CI2

(2) Below is an Extraction Flowchart for the separation of a three-component mixture. Several of the steps are missing, as well as several of the structures throughout the flowchart. Using the ChemDraw Template provided, fill in the missing steps and structures. In each step, be sure that all necessary reagents (organic solvents, aqueous solutions, drying agents) and manipulations (shaking/mixing, separating phases, filtering/decanting) are included in their proper order. Clearly indicate the structures of the compounds at each step in the process, and be sure to refer to Lab Manual Section 8.5 for an example of the format. 1. Add CH2CI2 2. Add NaOH(1 M aq.) 3. Mix 4. Allow layers to separate H,N. H20 HO, CH2CI2 Separate CH2CI2 H20 1. Add CH2CI2 2. Add HCI (1 M aq.) 3. Mix 4. Allow layers to separate H20 H20 CH,Cl2 CH2CI2 Separate H20 CH2CI2

Macroscale and Microscale Organic Experiments

7th Edition

ISBN:9781305577190

Author:Kenneth L. Williamson, Katherine M. Masters

Publisher:Kenneth L. Williamson, Katherine M. Masters

Chapter7: Extraction

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1Q

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You are employed as a coop student at the Drug and Alcohol Testing Association of Canada (DATAC) developing analytical tests for sports doping agents. You are asked to prepare a procedure for the extraction of methylphenidate, the active compound in Ritalin, from urine samples (consider them as simple aqueous layers, you do not need to consider other components!). The goal of the procedure is to extract the methylphenidate into an organic layer which will then be evaporated, and the residue will be tested for the drug.You find that methylphenidate is highly soluble in 2-methyltetrahydrofuran, a bio-renewable solvent. Draw the structure of 2-methyltetrahydrofuran and give two reasons why it is a good solvent choice for liquid-liquid extraction.
You are employed as a coop student at the Drug and Alcohol Testing Association of Canada (DATAC) developing analytical tests for sports doping agents. You are asked to prepare a procedure for the extraction of methylphenidate, the active compound in Ritalin, from urine samples (consider them as simple aqueous layers, you do not need to consider other components!). The goal of the procedure is to extract the methylphenidate into an organic layer which will then be evaporated, and the residue will be tested for the drug.Your colleague is helping you develop the urine test. They suggest that the urine should be adjusted to a pH above 7 before extracting with the organic solvent. Why is this necessary? Support your explanation with a full arrow-pushing mechanism for the reaction that would occur if the pH was below 7. Include all formal charges, intermediates (if applicable) and products.
2. Describe and explain the effect(s) on your result for the following possible experimental errors. In each case, specify the component(s) whose percentage(s) would be too high or too low and explain your rationale why these would be changed. (a) After adding DCM to the counterfeit pharmaceutical at the beginning, you didn’t stir or shake the mixture before filtering. (b) Washing the sucrose recovered during the first vacuum filtration with water rather than DCM. (c) During the NaHCO3 extraction, you failed to mix the organic and aqueous layers thoroughly. (d) You mistakenly extracted the DCM solution with 5% HCl rather than 5% NaHCO3. (e) You neutralised the NaHCO3 solution to pH7 rather than pH2.
present an experimental design on the separation of components of the mixture of benzoic acid and benzaldehyde. Provide a paragrap of your designed experiment and a schematic diagram of the step-by-step procedure
Describe and explain the effect(s) on your result for the following possible experimental errors. In each case, specify the component(s) whose percentage(s) would be too high or too low and explain your rationale why these would be changed. (a) After adding DCM to the counterfeit pharmaceutical at the beginning, you didn’t stir or shake the mixture before filtering. (b) Washing the sucrose recovered during the first vacuum filtration with water rather than DCM. (c) During the NaHCO3 extraction, you failed to mix the organic and aqueous layers thoroughly. - B (d) You mistakenly extracted the DCM solution with 5% HCl rather than 5% NaHCO3. (e) You neutralised the NaHCO3 solution to pH7 rather than pH2.
The separation and purification processes given below and the method used against them are given. Which or which of these pairings are correct? I. Brewing of tea - ExtractionII. Purification of water impurities - ChromatographyIII. Separating olive pomace from olive oil while producing olive oil-DecantationIV.Petroleum fractions obtaining - Ordinary distillationV. Obtaining essential oils and using them in perfume making - Water-steam distillationA. I, II, III, IVB. I, II, III, IV, VC. I, IV, VD. I, II, III, VE. I, II, V
Suppose you have an organic sample X that is somewhat soluble in water, even though it issomewhat more soluble in dichloromethane or ether solvents. But if you do a singleextraction, you get only 60% of your material to transfer from the water to the organic layer.How many “washes” would it take to extract over 90% of your organic material extracted fromthe water layer?
Below is a chromatogram observed from chemical separation of chlorinated pesticides using gas chromatography. Water samples were pre-treated using solvent extraction technique prior to injection into GC. Complete the statements below so that the sentences will be accurate and logical. Gas chromatography coupled with __________ __________ detector is suitablefor chlorinated pesticide analysis. ii. Peaks that emerge first will represent compounds that are the most __________.Those compounds will also likely have low boiling points and show the leastinteractions with the stationary phase. iii. Major peaks start to emerge after 24 minutes. Heating the GC oven containing the column will likely __________ the time of chromatographic separation. iv. The peak height or area of an analyte is used to determine its __________ in quantitative analysis.
Carboxylic acids, including fatty acids and benzoic acids, are often present inboth municipal and industrial effluents. Describe a sample preparationcombined with GC method for identification and determination of carboxylicacids in raw wastewater at ppb (µg L-1) level. Point out a suitable samplepreparation technique and GC conditions in details and give justifications foryour choice
On a paper, draw a schematic diagram on the Extraction of Saponins from Gugo by Lead Method using the procedures stated below. Procedures (Stas-Otto Method): Extraction of Saponins from the Gugo Bark by Lead Method Extract saponins from gugo by boiling about 10g of small pieces of gugo bark in water. (If necessary, extract first with ether or petroleum ether). Filter and add a neutral lead acetate solution to the aqueous solution; acid saponins, if present, are precipitated as lead salts. To the filtrate (including the washings, concentrated by evaporation), add basic lead acetate to precipitate neutral saponins. Wash the lead precipitate and suspend in water. Decompose by passing H2S Filter PbS and absorbed impurities. Concentrate the filtrate and finally allow to evaporate to dryness or in vacuum over H2SO4. Purify the saponins by CHCl3 and precipitate with ether. Weigh the residue and compute the percentage yield.
Why is it important to thoroughly vortex the contents of the vial after adding reagent 4 (Steps 3 and 4., stage 1). To ensure that the two immiscible solvents come into contact with each other, permitting the derivatization reactions to occur. B.To ensure that the solution is mixed thoroughly. To ensure that all the amino acids are transferred to the lower aqueous layer so that a full extraction occurs. To remove all the interferring compounds by transferring them to the upper organic layer Hint: Reagent 4 is the derivatizing agent dissolved in octane.
Despite their structural differences, separation of mixtures of organic compounds (such as the arenes benzoic acid, 4-t-butylphenol, and benzamide) often proves difficult. Silica gel chromatography, however, can be used with some success provided that an appropriate solvent is used to provide optimal separation. Consider, for example, the TLC plate pictured at right after developing and UV visualization where prior to elution, lanes A and B were spotted with 4-t-butylphenol and lanes B and C spotted with benzamide. Which of the following must be true? In the space provided, indicate the CORRECT answers (as 1, 2, and/or 3) then explain your reasoning for all three statements. Benzamide elutes faster than t-butylphenol. The Rf for t-butylphenol is less than that of benzamide. Benzamide is more polar than 4-t-butylphenol