Consider the synthesis of a C15 saturated fatty acid from acetyl-CoAs. Calculate how many NADPH and ATPS are consumed, and mention all the cofactors required for the synthesis. Explain why NADPH is used over NADH in this pathway.
Q: Compare the energy cost, in ATP equivalents, of synthesizing stearate from mitochondrial acetyl-CoA…
A: Stearate is an 18-carbon fatty acid. ATP (Adenosine triphosphate) is the currency in which the…
Q: Each cycle of beta (β)-oxidation produces a. 1 FADH2, 1 NADH, and 2 CO2 molecules b. 1 FADH2, 1…
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Q: Explain the efficiency of using the citric acid cycle to oxidize acetyl CoA.
A: The citric acid cycle or TCA cycle is a series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms…
Q: Explain why the reaction catalyzed by the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex is a crucial juncture in…
A: The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex is a multifunctional enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of…
Q: Name three enzymes from the citric acid cycle which are allosterically regulated by ATP and/or NADH.…
A: The citric acid cycle is also known as the TCA cycle is a series of chemical reactions used by all…
Q: Consider the synthesis of lauric acid (12:0) by the fatty acid synthase. How many total ATPS are…
A: The fatty acid synthesis was initiated by carboxylation of acetyl CoA to malonyl CoA. This reaction…
Q: List some of the advantages of organizing the enzymes that catalyze the formation of acetyl CoA from…
A: The process of glycolysis occurs to break down glucose into pyruvate and to produce some energy. But…
Q: The tricarboxylate transport system supplies cytosolic acetyl-CoA for palmitate synthesis. What…
A: The biosynthesis of plamitate requires acetyl-CoA and also the input of chemical energy in two forms…
Q: Write down the subunits of the Fatty Acid Synthase enzyme.
A: Fatty acid synthase is an enzyme that takes part in the synthesis of fatty acids. It is composed of…
Q: Give one metabolic intermediate that is released as pyruvate is oxidized by the pyruvate…
A: Glucose is metabolized through the glycolytic pathway to synthesize energy in the form of ATP and…
Q: How many ATP molecules result from the processing of 10 acetyl CoA molecule through the common…
A: Glucose is metabolized through the glycolytic pathway, whose end product is the three carbon…
Q: Write a balanced equation for the synthesis of PRPP from glucose through the oxidative branch of the…
A: Glucose is catabolized to form pyruvate via glycolysis. Similarly, the pentose phosphate pathway is…
Q: Compare the energy cost, in ATP equivalents, of synthesizing stearate from mitochondrial acetyl-CoA…
A: The synthesis of fatty acids is not simply a reversal of the degrading route. Rather it consists of…
Q: Write the chemical equation for the conversion of 4 moles of glucose to pyruvate via glycolytic…
A: Glycolysis is the biochemical conversion of 1 mole of glucose into 2 moles of pyruvate. This…
Q: Calculate production of NADH, FADH, and GTP molecul in complete oxidation of ten molecules of…
A: Citric acid cycle or Tri-carboxylic acid cycle is a metabolic pathway in which a glucose is…
Q: Name a compound that can serve as a raw material for gluconeogenesis and is from the a.) glycolytic…
A: Introduction: The synthesis of glucose from non-sugar or non-carbohydrate compounds is known as…
Q: Describe the mechanism in which NADH is involved in the activation of oxygen molecules in fatty acid…
A: The desaturation of fatty acids is done by an enzyme called fatty acyl-CoA desaturase. It removes…
Q: Describe the metabolic pathway by which glucose can be converted into fat. How can end-product…
A: Ans: Metabolic pathways: It is the step wise interconnected biochemical process in which substrates…
Q: Calculate the number of molecules of ATP produced for partial oxidation of palmitate to…
A: Beta-oxidation of Fatty acid (FA) is a cyclic process in which FA is shortened by acycl-CoAs. Two…
Q: Is the statement, "citrate carries acetyl CoA to the mitochondrial matrix which is the site of fatty…
A: Fatty acid biosynthesis is the sequential process that involves in synthesis of long-chain fatty…
Q: Below is the structure of Acetyl-CoA. Click or select the part of the molecule that enters the Krebs…
A: TCA cycle that is Tri carboxylic acid cycle is also known as Krebs cycle. This cycle involves series…
Q: The CO2 produced in one round of the citric acid cycle does not originate in the acetyl carbons…
A: The series of chemical reactions that occur inside the living body for the production of energy are…
Q: The number of CO2 molecules liberated for each molecule of acetyl-CoA during oxidative…
A: Tricarboxylic acid (TCA) or Krebs cycle is the oxidative or aerobic part of respiration. This cycle…
Q: (a) Write a balanced equation for the conversion of aspartate into glucose through the intermediate…
A: Glucose is the primary energy source in living systems. Glucose can be synthesized via…
Q: In fatty acid oxidation, each cycle shortens the fatty acid being catabolised by 2 carbons,…
A: Beta oxidation is the process by which fatty acids are partially oxidized and broken down into a 2…
Q: Describe how regulation by malonyl-CoA benefits the cell.
A: Enzymes are the biological catalysts which are proteinaceous in nature. The function of an enzyme is…
Q: The removal of fatty acids from triacylglycerols leaves glycerol. Show how the actions of glycerol…
A: The process of breakdown of glucose to generate the energy molecule adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is…
Q: Give the number of the following: a. number of acetyl-CoA that enters the TCA cycle for every 5…
A: Asked : Number of the given molecules
Q: Consider the complete oxidation of one mole of the fatty acyl CoA of myristic acid (14:0).
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Q: Suppose that aconitase did not bind its substrate asymmetrically. What fraction of the carbon atoms…
A: The citric acid cycle- also known as the TCA cycle or the krebs cycle is a series of chemical…
Q: Prepare a sketch showing how the individual reactions of the three enzymes of the pyruvate…
A: 1)pyruvate lose co2 and HETPP is formed 2)hydroethyl group is transferred to lipoic acid and…
Q: Consider the complete oxidation of one mole of simple TAG containing behenic acid residues (22:0).…
A: Fatty acids are oxidized through beta-oxidation followed by the TCA cycle. Beta-oxidation occurs in…
Q: For each fatty acid given, determine the following. Gross ATP from b-oxidation cycles Gross ATP…
A: Since you have posted a question with multiple subparts, we will solve the first three sub-parts for…
Q: Which citric acid cycle intermediate can move from the mitochondria into the cytoplasm to become the…
A: TCA cycle is the final common oxidative pathway for fats, carbohydrates and amino acids. Various…
Q: Show what is the amount of energy generated from the metabolism of Propionyl CoA molecule, with the…
A: Propionyl-CoA is a derivative of propionic acid and is a CoA. It is made of a 24 total carbon chain…
Q: further hydrolyzed into its monosaccharide components prior to intestinal absorption and entry into…
A: A maltose is the disaccharide which on oxidation gives two molecule of glucose. The glucose molecule…
Q: Would the development of a “super statin” that inhibited all HMG CoA reductase activity be a useful…
A: Introduction HMG CoA reductase inhibitors or 'statins' are the compounds used to treat abnormal…
Q: (a). electron transport chain, explain why pyruvate was added together with malate. For what…
A: Carbohydrates are preferentially used for the generation of energy in the cells. Glucose is digested…
Q: hexokinase catalyzes the first reaction of the glycolysis pathway. What may happen if there is…
A: Glycolysis The step in respiration in which single 6 carbon molecule glucose converted into 2…
Q: Propose a mechanism for the transfer of an acetyl group from acetyl CoA to the amino group of…
A: The histone acetylation and deacetylation are the processes by which the lysine residues within the…
Q: Consider fatty acids from the hydrolysis of the given TAG in a liver cell where amino acid and…
A: Fatty acid oxidation is the process in which long chain fatty acids are converted into acetyl-CoA.…
Q: Suppose that aconitase did not bind its substrate asymmetrically. What fraction of the carbon atoms…
A: Aconitase : It is an enzyme that catalyses the stereo-specific isomerization of citrate to…
Q: Consider the steps of the krebs cycle and electron carrier chain and answer: a) How many ATPs are…
A: The metabolic process involves several pathways such as glycolysis, Kreb cycle, and electron carrier…
Q: Considering the complete oxidation of an 18-C fatty acid. Give the answer to the following question.…
A: Stearic acid has 18 carbon. Consider 2n=18, n=9. Beta oxidation of 2n carbon acid takes place in n-1…
Q: In the glyoxylate cycle, two molecules of acetyl-CoA areconverted into _______________ and malate.
A: Introduction: The glyoxylate cycle, a variation of the tricarboxylic acid cycle, is an anabolic…
Q: Explain the reasons for the oxidation of acetate through complex pathways in the citrate cycle.
A: TCA or tricarboxylic acid cycle is the second step of aerobic cellular respiration. It is an…
Q: If oxidation of acetyl-CoA yields 10 ATPs per mole through the citric acidcycle, how many ATPs will…
A: The citric acid cycle is the oxidation of acetyl-CoA to produce ATP. It also provides an entry point…
Q: Write the names of the reactions in which Acetyl CoA is obtained and used in metabolism and explain…
A: Acetyl CoA is a molecule that is known to participate in a number of chemical reactions. The…
Q: Consider a 12-carbon saturated fatty acid, calculate the following: a. number of acetyl CoA b.…
A: Catabolism of fatty acids includes three steps - 1. Activation of fatty acid 2. Beta oxidation 3.…
Q: How much ATP and NADPH are needed if 9 acetyl-CoA produced are combined into a single saturated…
A: Fatty acid synthesis is the process of formation of fatty acids from Acetyl-CoA and NADPH through…
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- Understanding the Mechanism of the HMC-CoA Synthase Reaction Write a suitable mechanism for the HMG-CoA synthase reaction. What is the chemistry that drives this condensation reaction?Using the ActiveModel for enoyl-CoA dehydratase, give an example of a case in which conserved residues in slightly different positions can change the catalytic rate of reaction.Study Figure 19.18 and decide which of the following statements is false. Pyruvate dehydrogenase is inhibited by· NIADH. Pyruvate dehydrogenase is inhibited by AΤΡ. Citrate synthase is inhibited by NADH. Succinyl-CoA activates citrate synthase. Acetyl-CoA activates pyruvate carboxylase.
- Considering the complete oxidation of an 18-C fatty acid. Give the answer to the following question.a. What is the total number of NADH produced in TCA if all of the acetyl CoA enters the cycle? b. What is the total number of FADH2 produced in TCA if all the acetyl CoA enters the cycle?c. How much ATP is produced in the overall oxidation?Write a mechanism describing the conversion of citrate to acetyl CoA and oxaloacetate,catalyzed by the enzyme, ATP-citrate lyase. Include structures of substrates, products and intermediatesShow the first cycle of beta-oxidation of stearic acid. How many ATPs will be generated from the complete oxidation of this fatty acid?
- Explain why the carbon skeletons of ketogenic amino acids yielding acetyl-CoA only cannot be converted into glucose.Considering the complete oxidation of an 18-C fatty acid. Give the answer for the following question.a. How many rounds of beta-oxidation is needed?b. How many NADH molecules are produced in beta-oxidation only?c. How many FADH2 molecules are produced in beta-oxidation only?d. How many Acetyl Co-A are produced?Write the names of the reactions in which Acetyl CoA is obtained and used in metabolism and explain one of them with their control mechanisms.
- Pyruvate can enter the TCA cycle via two enzymatic reactions. Provide a simplified schematic presentation of the TCA cycle to show this. Also indicate how these reactions are regulated.Fourteen NADPH molecules are required to produce one molecules of palmitic acid from acetyl CoA. Substantiate this statement by referring to the enzymatic activities involved in reduction steps during fatty acid synthesis and the number of cycles required to produce palmitic acid from acetyl CoA. How many molecules of ATP is required for the synthesis of palmitic acid from cytosolic acetyl-CoA?Explain the difference of carbohydrate (glycolysis) from lipid (β-oxidation) metabolism in terms of producing an acetyl-coA that will enter the Kreb cycle?