How much ATP and NADPH are needed if 9 acetyl-CoA produced are combined into a single saturated fatty acid? Assume that all reactions involved in this biosynthetic pathway occur outside the mitochondria.
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- Study Figure 19.18 and decide which of the following statements is false. Pyruvate dehydrogenase is inhibited by· NIADH. Pyruvate dehydrogenase is inhibited by AΤΡ. Citrate synthase is inhibited by NADH. Succinyl-CoA activates citrate synthase. Acetyl-CoA activates pyruvate carboxylase.Based on your knowledge of the structure of NAD+ and an assumption that coenzyme dissociation is the rate limiting step of the alcohol dehydrogenase mechanism, hypothesize why a N249W mutation at the coenzyme binding site would increase the rate of catalysis.Understanding the Mechanism of the HMC-CoA Synthase Reaction Write a suitable mechanism for the HMG-CoA synthase reaction. What is the chemistry that drives this condensation reaction?
- Explain why it makes metabolic sense for acetyl-CoA, which is not a substrate for gluconeogenesis, to activate pyruvate carboxylase.The tricarboxylate transport system supplies cytosolic acetyl-CoA for palmitate synthesis. What percentage of the NADPH required for palmitate synthesis is thereby provided?Compare the energy cost, in ATP equivalents, of synthesizing stearate from mitochondrial acetyl-CoA to the energy recovered by degrading stearate to acetyl-CoA.
- Fourteen NADPH molecules are required to produce one molecules of palmitic acid from acetyl CoA. Substantiate this statement by referring to the enzymatic activities involved in reduction steps during fatty acid synthesis and the number of cycles required to produce palmitic acid from acetyl CoA. How many molecules of ATP is required for the synthesis of palmitic acid from cytosolic acetyl-CoA?How many ATP can be produced by the complete oxidation of each propionyl-CoA product of fatty acid oxidation? Compare this to the ATP yield for each acetyl-CoA.What is the common metabolic pathway of Acetyl-CoA, the TCA Cycle, and the Electron Transport Chain (ECT).? Explain the process involved.
- The same reactions that were seen in the process of converting pyruvate to acetyl-S-CoA, occur in step ____ of the citric acid cycle as ____________ is converted to _________________.Considering the complete oxidation of an 18-C fatty acid. Give the answer to the following question.a. What is the total number of NADH produced in TCA if all of the acetyl CoA enters the cycle? b. What is the total number of FADH2 produced in TCA if all the acetyl CoA enters the cycle?c. How much ATP is produced in the overall oxidation?If oxidation of acetyl-CoA yields 10 ATPs per mole through the citric acidcycle, how many ATPs will be derived from the complete metabolic oxidation of 1 mole of alanine in a mammal? Would the corresponding energyyield in a fish be higher or lower? Why? How much energy would bederived from the metabolic oxidation of 1 mole of isoleucine to CO2, H2O,and NH3? Of tyrosine?