Cytokine IL-12 IL-17 IL-18 IL-4 Mean ±s.d. (pg/ml) Patients 166.7+84.5 76.5 45.7 368.7+199.5 27.115.3 Controls 93.5+39.2 37.635.3 141.147.1 17.3±7.2 P value <0.001 0.002 <0.001 <0.05 Discuss the distribution of the cytokines shown in this study and relates them with the pathogenicity of SLE.
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- A COVID-19 test, which produce result in 10 minutes, has the following test characteristics. The test has a 95% sensitivity and a 95% specificity. The State of Massachusetts is in dilemma whether to test symptomatic individuals or the entire residents to decrease the spread of infection as depicted in the following two scenarios. Scenario A. The State of Massachusetts wants to administer the test on 40,000 individuals who will develop cough, fever and shortness of breath in the next 10 days to identify COVID-19 infected individuals and institute public health measures. The estimated prevalence of COVID-19 in this population is 750 per 1,000 population using a gold-standard test. Scenario B. The State of Massachusetts wants to administer the test to its entire COVID-19 uninfected population (6,750,000). The estimated prevalence of COVID-19 in this population is 5 per 1,000 population using a gold-standard test. Please help the State of Massachusetts by responding to the…Explain the statistical findings regarding the lateral flowimmunochromatographic assays sensitivity and robustness when compared to other test methods? Please discuss refering to original articles as examples Covid 19.In relation to immunotechnology, answer the following: A- Answer the following in relation to Hybridoma technology: → What is the cancer cell line name used in hybridoma technology? → Give an example of murine Monocolonal Antibody produced by hybridoma technology? B- Give ONE main difference between: Murine MABs and fully human MABs? and explain the reason behind developing different forms of Monoclonal antibodies (chimeric MABs, humanized MABs, and fully human MABs) C- You are in an internship in one major Hospital, You were in rotation with a clinical pharmacist in oncology section and you came over a breast cancer patient. The personal doctor was making a quick visit to the patient to make sure the patient is following the therapeutic protocol and the treatment is running smoothly. The doctor wrote in the prescription sheet “Trastuzumab” to be dispensed by the In Patient Pharmacy, when the clinical pharmacist saw this he advised the doctor politely to use the…
- ANTI - STREPTOLYSIN O TITER ASO Latex Test ASO is a rapid latex agglutination test for the detection of anti – streptolysin O (ASO) antibodies in human serum. ASO antibodies are found in sera of patients in response to infection with hemolytic streptococci of group A, C or G. Streptolysin O is highly antigenic therefore patients with these infections produce specific antibodies detectable by the reagent. Questions: 1. Illustrate how latex agglutination works to bind to ASO and form agglutinates 2. What is the significance of ASO? Is ASO specific to a disease? 3. What are Todd Units? Give the normal value of ASOa recent communicable disease outbreak, except COVID-19. For the selected communicable disease outbreak, the following MUST be clearly identified: a) a description of yellow fever b) who was affected c) location of the outbreak d) the When (time) e) Why the outbreak occurred (fully described what was the cause). f) Provide relevant data and appropriate references.Why monoclonal antibodies method is better than Polyclonal Antibodies method in detecting specific pathogen. Explain reasons.
- Before development of a vaccine against this microbe, thedisease it caused accounted for two-thirds of bacterial meningi-tis cases during the first year of life but is still the number oneleading cause of mental retardation in patients who survive seri-ous disease due to permanent central nervous system disorders.What is the microorganism?(a) Haemophilus influenzae type B(b) Haemophilus influenzae type A(c) Neisseria meningitidis(d) Streptococcus pneumoniae(e) Listeria monocytogenesWhich of the following statements is true? O Streptolysin-O is a growth factor for white blood cells. O Anti-streptolysin-O antibodies peak several months after initial symptoms. O Currently, the main method for detecting anti-streptoryan-G antibodies in radal immansattfo O Streptolysin-O does not induce an immune response. In the classical method of testing for anti-streptolysin-O antibodies, a positive reaction is indica intact red blood cellsWhy is a blocking buffer needed while running the immunoblotting of the PDVF membrane, furthermore why is skim mil powder often used in the buffers?
- Rheumatoid Factor RF Latex Test RF is a rapid latex agglutination test kit for the detection of rheumatoid factor (RF) in human serum. RF is found in sera of patients with rheumatoid arthritis and is believed to be IgM antibodies directed against the patients own immunoglobulin G. Principle: The RF latex particles are coated with specially purified human gamma globulin. When the latex suspension is mixed with serum containing elevated RF levels on a slide, clear agglutination is seen within 2 minutes. Questions 1. Is Rheumatoid Arthritis an autoimmune disease? 2. Differentiate the different types of Immunoglobulins 3. Differentiate Rheumatoid Arthritis from Gouty ArthritisIf detected in antibody screen testing, which of the following antibodies is NOT considered clinically significant in prenatal patients? Please select the single best answer Anti-M Anti-N Anti-Leb Anti-FyaThe growth of hybridoma cells, producing a monoclonal antibody, was monitored for 4 and a half days, and the results obtained are listed in the following table: time (days) nº cel/mL x 106 ln nº cel 0 0,45 -0,79851 0,2 0,52 -0,65393 0,5 0,65 -0,43078 1 0,81 -0,21072 1,5 1,22 0,198851 2 1,77 0,57098 2,5 2,13 0,756122 3 3,55 1,266948 3,5 4,02 1,391282 4 3,77 1,327075 4,5 2,2 0,788457 What is the maximum specific rate (µmax) of growth of these cells per day? what is the doubling time of these cells (in days)?