Describe one invertebrate defense mechanism and discuss how it is an evolutionary adaptation retained in vertebrates.

Q: The current estimate is that mammalian B cells are capable of producing 1,010 different…

A: Immunoglobulins are composed of four polypeptide chains out of which two are heavy chains and two…

Q: Give 3 examples of barriers that make up the First Line of Defense. Describe how each one functions…

A: The first line of defense consists of the surface barriers which block the initial entry of…

Q: 1a) LIST and DESCRIBE at least 5 Molecules and Cell types that are shared and interconnect the…

A: From a functional standpoint, the immune system is made up of two distinct but interacting and…

Q: Despite the enormous variety of antigen receptors, only a tiny fraction are specific for a given…

A: Antigenecity refers to the ability of viruses to bind to antibody molecules. The antigenicity of…

Q: LIST and DESCRIBE at least 5 Molecules and Cell types that are shared and interconnect the INNATE…

A: The innate immune system provides the first line of defence against the microbes , before the…

Q: The T cell subset recognized as as comprising the tissue-resident memory cell population in the…

A: Answer :- Correct option is a) Treg cells

Q: Using the Venn diagram below, compare and contrast the specific and non-specific defenses of our…

A: Immune response is the kind of protective response from the immune system present inside the body.…

Q: Determine the immune system will evolve to not react foreign antigens if an allograft is…

A: The process of engrafting human cells, organs, and tissues from a matched donor onto a recipient in…

Q: Please answer fast Which of the following is the most effective antihelminthic immune response of…

A: Helminthic infections are one of the leading causes of infections in humans. Nematodes and…

Q: Traditionally, acquired immunity is considered a characteristic of vertebrate immune systems.…

A: Immunity is the capability of the body to fight against foreign attack and maintain the persistence…

Q: List the various types of Human defense mechanisms (Specific and Non-specific) WITH examples for…

A: Immune system  It provides the protection of the body from infection and toxin substances.

Q: What is the function of the lymphatic system in the following class of vertebrates A. Sharks B.…

A: The lymphatic system is a complex network of vessels, tissues, and organs in the vertebrate body…

Q: Compare and contrast the immune system/immune response between plants and animals using a Venn…

A: The immune system/ Immune response is an in-built mechanism of a living body to protect it from the…

Q: What are toll-like receptors?  How do they work?  What do they bind?  Give an example of one and…

A: Immunity present at the time of birth itself are called Innate Immunity(eg:cough reflex). Innate…

Q: Why did invertebrates evolve structures for protection? Cite at least three (3) examples and the…

A: Invertebrates are organisms that do not have the vertebral column or the backbone which is a…

Q: Define innate releasing mechanism and fixed action pattern.

A: Ethology is the branch of science that deals with the objective study of animal behavior. This…

Q: What is the main reason for the steady decline in T cells over time

A: Human Immunodeficiency Virus infections affect the immune system thereby directly affecting the…

Q: Explain the two main features that characterize the third line of host defense mechanisms.

A: Introduction: The immune system is a complex network of immune cells and proteins that work together…

Q: The enzymes Rag1 and Rag2 cut and rearrange DNA, producing millions of specific antibodies and…

A: This finding would possibly suggest that the specific immune system evolved across different animal…

Q: List Three (3) methods in the production of metabolites and antibodies in mammalian cells

A: Neutralizer proteins are created naturally by humans and creatures after exposure to an unfamiliar…

Q: What species of snakes are immune to venomous snake venom?

A: Snakes are slender and elongated reptiles without limbs, eyelids, and external ears. The whole body…

Q: Diagram the host cell receptors that distinguish self from nonself

A:

Q: What might be the evolutionary advantage of allergic reactions? (Hint: Are there harmful substances…

A: Allergy is a hypersensitivity of one's immune system towards a foreign substance or an antigen. The…

Q: What are some important phagocytes in vertebrates?

A: The phagocytosis is a process in which living cells called phagocytes engulf or ingest other…

Q: Explain the functions of the three lines of defense and indicatewhich are the most essential to…

A: The immune system of the body serves the function of protecting the body against the disease-causing…

Q: Life Cycle of E. histolytica

A: Entamoeba histolytica is an infectious parasite that infect humans with its infective stage called…

Q: Explain how antibody diversity is generated in vertebrates.

A: Anatomy and physiology are the branches of biology, anatomy deals with the study of the structure of…

Q: Briefly describe the role of each in our innate defense system.

A: Innate defence system will help to increase the immunity power of the human being and to resist…

Q: Why is the mammalian placenta not targeted by their immune system?

A: The placenta is an organ that develops attached to the wall of the uterus during pregnancy. The…

Q: etermine the reason as to why humans have evolved to mount an immune response to their own fetuses…

A: Erythroblastosis fetalis, often known as "hemolytic sickness of the baby," is an alloimmune…

Q: 26. Choose the correct defense mechanisms that match the following examples. A defense mechanism can…

A: Various defence mechanism helps the animals to remain protected against the predators that surrounds…

Q: Diagram the sequence of events by which a virus-infected cell is attacked and destroyed by cytotoxic…

A: Introduction: B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes are the types of lymphocytes produced in the bone…

Q: Compare the role of the innate immune system in responding to a virus infection compared to a…

A: The immune system protects our body from foreign antigens such as bacteria, viruses and other toxic…

Q: Describe several features of the recognition system of host defenses.

A: A complex network of proteins and cells that defends the body against infection is known as immune…

Q: Summary of the role of the innate system in defense against invading pathogens.

A: We know that The innate immune system is the body's first line of defense against pathogens entering…

Q: Which of the following reveals the difference between constitutive and induced defenses? Select one:…

A: Plants developed a variety of defense mechanisms in order to protect themselves from damage which…

Q: In what ways does innate immunity protect the mammalian digestive tract?

A: The immune system is a well-known term that they are stated as the complex network of cells and…

Q: what is the mechanism by which crocodiles and alligators are able to fiercely resist infections?

A: Immune response is how the body protects itself from substances it perceives as dangerous or…

Q: In sea urchin, which step of egg and sperm recognition is mediated by Bindin? A) Sperm binding to…

A: Question- In sea urchin which step of egg and sperm recognition is mediated by Bindin ?   Sperm…

Q: AIDS evolves progressively. Identify the stages of the infection and describe the main symptoms of…

A: Human immunodeficiency virus causes the AIDS, which evolves in progressive manner.

Q: Please provide research data that support the occurrence of Cytokine storm in humans

A: Cytokines are proteins that play an important role in controlling the growth and activity of other…

Q: Explain the functions of toll-like receptors with THREE (3) examples.

A: Here i explain the functions of toll like receptors with example.

Q: Describe the three ways acquired immune tolerance develops in the vertebrate host

A: Acquired Immune tolerance is defined as a state of unresponsiveness of the immune system to…

Q: Is an organism named Hookworm is a Can adapt and acquire immunity to pathogens?

A: Animal physiology is the systematic study of the supporting features, roles, and processes of…

Q: To determine: Whether the nonspecific or the specific arms of the immune response evolved first in…

A: Introduction: Innate defense and adaptive defense are two body mechanisms that protect against…

Q: consider the figure below that shows time on the X axis and number of antigen- specific adaptive…

A: Humans have a well-developed immune system that helps in fighting infections. The immune system…

Evolutionary adaptations

Evolutionary adaptation is the process through which organisms adapt or adjust to their surroundings to increase the chances of survival, mating, and reproduction. An organism's behavior, physiology, and structure are adjusted or changed to make it more suited to its environment.