Define restriction point,

Q: Define transfection.

A: A mutation is a change or alteration in the nucleotide sequence of the genome of any organism.…

Q: Match the terms associated with tne polymerase chain reaction with their correct descriptions.

A: PCR is the polymerase chain reaction in which Denaturation, Annealing and Extension process takes…

Q: Define the Detoxification by conjugation ?

A: Detoxification:              A series of biochemical reactions that transit toxic compounds to less…

Q: What are Ligation points ?

A: Ligation is the joining of two nucleic acid fragments through the action of an enzyme Ligase.

Q: What is a non conjugative plasmid?

A:

Q: Define base excision pair

A: Base excision repair can be defined as the mechanism in which DNA correction is done by correcting…

Q: What is karyokinesis ? Explain with the help of diagram.

A: Cell division is defined as the process by which a single parent cell divides and produces two or…

Q: Diagram & compare the lytic & lysogenic reproductive cycles of Bacteriophage

A: Answer: BACTERIOPHAGES : Bacteriophages are the bacteria infecting viruses. These viruses infect the…

Q: explain F' plasmid formation

A: F plasmid is a large plasmid that contains certain specific genes, which allow plasmid DNA to be…

Q: Define mobilizable plasmid?

A: The plasmid is a small, circular deoxyribonucleic acid apart from the main bacterial DNA. Plasmids…

Q: Compare and contrast bacteriophage plaques with bacterial colonies.

A: A phage is consists of protein capsid and nucleic acid. A protein sheat that is contractile and…

Q: Draw a diagram depicting the 4 steps of base excision repair, and give a short description of what…

A: Base excision repair is a cellular mechanism that is studied in the fields of biochemistry and…

Q: Agrobacterium tumefaciens contains ------ plasmid inducing tumor in plants. Which of the following…

A: Agrobacterium tumefaciens is a bacteria which belongs to family Rizobiaceae.it is a rod shaped gram…

Q: Why are the restriction enzymes added last to the digestion mixtures?

A: The restriction enzyme is the end component added to a reaction to ensure that it is not exposed to…

Q: A Hfr bacterium mates with an F- plasmid containing bacterium. What will be the type of bacteria…

A: High-frequency recombination (Hfr) cell is a bacterium that carries a conjugative plasmid ( F…

Q: explain  Resistance plasmids

A: Plasmid is a genetic structure in a cell that can replicate independently of the chromosomes,…

Q: Define the term pyri-dostigmine?

A: Pyridostigmine is acetylcholinesterase inhibitor used as a medication to treat myasthenia gravis ,…

Q: Briefly explain the process of bacterial conjugation, and explain how it is different from…

A: CONJUGATION IN BACTERIA:- conjugation is the process by which one bacterium transfers genetic…

Q: What key features distinguish the lytic from the lysogenic cycle?

A: The bacteriophage is commonly known as phage, is a virus particle that infects and replicates within…

Q: Briefly describe the grafting process.

A: Grafting is the process of joining two plants together to grow as one. The upper portion of the…

Q: Define the following terms: a. lytic cycle b. prophage c. transduction d. lysogeny e. nuclocapsid

A: Bacteriophage was a type  virus which uses the  bacterial cell  as a host for the process of…

Q: explain the difference between the lytic and lysogenic cycle.

A: Many bacteria appear to have embraced lysogeny as a means of surviving and surviving in the…

Q: The first phase in the multiplication of Bacteriophages is

A: Bacteriophages are viruses that infect bacteria.

Q: Define about restriction site ?

A: Recombinant DNA is made up of molecules of DNA from two different species that are inserted into a…

Q: which gene is mutated in type la maple syrup urine disease?

A: Maple syrup urine disease is associated with problems with feeding, vomiting, low energy levels in…

Q: What mechanisms account for restriction and modification?

A: Restriction-modification system is present in prokaryotic organisms like bacteria. Prokaryotic cells…

Q: explain Natural transformation in B. subtili

A: Natural transformation is a process in which DNA is transferred from one bacterium to another…

Q: Describe the stages in the multiplication cycle of bacteriophages.

A: Bacteriophage : It is the virus which infects bacteria . So we call it bacteriophage.  There are two…

Q: describe Lysogeny and excision

A: A temperate phage has an option to go under lysogeny or lytic cycle when infected by a…

Q: Discuss the penetration of the T4 bacteriophage during replication or infection?

A: Phages are viruses that use bacterial as a host cell.

Q: explain Generalized transduction using diagram

A: Transduction is the process by which foreign genetic material (DNA) is introduced inside the viral…

Q: Discuss TWO (2) methods of transformation of competent bacterial cells with the plasmid in Figure 1.

A: The genetic modification of a cell caused by the direct uptake and assimilation of external genetic…

Q: Explain the function of reverse transcriptase enzyme.

A: Enzymes are the biocatalyst that enhances the rate of reaction. They decrease the activation energy…

Q: . Give an example of a DNA-repair defect that leads tocancer

A: Cancer results when body mechanism fails to control the cell division that has lost the control…

Q: What is the purpose of Punnet square?

A: An allele is a variant of a gene. For example, tall and dwarf are two different alleles of the gene…

Q: What would happen if there is no plasmid?

A: Plasmids are extrachromosomal and self-replicating closed circular DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid)…

Q: Defi ne restriction endonuclease and explain what it does.

A: An enzyme that divides nucleotide chains into different short chains is known as an endonuclease.…

Q: draw structure of plasmid

A: The plasmid is the extrachromosomal deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) that is present with the bacterial…

Q: What is required for a bacteriophage T4 virion toattach to an Escherichia coli cell?

A: T4 bacteriophage is the well-studied member of Myoviridae, the most complex family of tailed phages.…

Q: Restriction enzyme Restriction site GAATTC CTTAAG EcoRI BamHI GGATCC ССТAGG Hind III АAGCTT TTCGAA…

A: Restriction enzymes are enzymes that cleaves DNA into small fragments at or near specific…

Q: Define the concept of restriction-enzyme digestion ?

A: Enzymes are biocatalysts. These speed up biochemical reactions and are proteinaceous in nature.…

Q: Explain what is the agglutination reaction: WHAT agglutinates with what? Agglutination is the…

A: Agglutination reaction is related with the blood group of humans. Blood type in humans is broadly…

Q: Define bacteriophage

A: Introduction: Bacteriophage is a kind of virus that especially infects and replicates within…

Q: What and where is the restriction site of the lacl gene of K. pneumoniae? What restriction enzyme…

A: The lacZ and lacI genes are transcribed from opposite strands in the lac operon of K. pneumoniae.…

Q: Explain what is TFIID ?

A: Transcription initiation requires the binding of RNA polymerase enzyme as well as associated…

Q: How do the following factors affect the activity of restriction enzymes? pH conditions Mg2+…

A: Restriction enzymes are those enzymes which cut the DNA at specific places so that they can be used…

Genetic Recombination

Recombination is crucial to this process because it allows genes to be reassorted into diverse combinations. Genetic recombination is the process of combining genetic components from two different origins into a single unit. In prokaryotes, genetic recombination takes place by the unilateral transfer of deoxyribonucleic acid. It includes transduction, transformation, and conjugation. The genetic exchange occurring between homologous deoxyribonucleic acid sequences (DNA) from two different sources is termed general recombination. For this to happen, an identical sequence of the two recombining molecules is required. The process of genetic exchange which occurs in eukaryotes during sexual reproduction such as meiosis is an example of this type of genetic recombination.

Microbial Genetics

Genes are the functional units of heredity. They transfer characteristic information from parents to the offspring.