Describe the effects of the mutation causing the p21 promoter to no longer bind p53 on cell signaling pathways and metabolism or cell cycle control.
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Describe the effects of the mutation causing the p21 promoter to no longer bind p53 on cell signaling pathways and
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- A gene that codes for a positive cell cycle regulator is called a(n) _______. a. kinase inhibitor b. tumor suppressor gene c. proto-oncogene d. oncogeneMutations that inactivate p53 have a recessive phenotype, whereas mutations affecting Ras are dominant. Explain the difference.Describe the ATM-p53 repair pathway in normal cells and cancerous cells
- Name four downstream effects of p53 activation.Cancer-promoting mutations are likely to have different effects on the activity of proteins encoded byproto-oncogenes than they do on proteins encodedby tumor-suppressor genes. Explain.Describe the effects of the over-expression of mdm2 on cell proliferation and apoptosis on cell signaling pathways and metabolism or cell cycle control. Briefly explain the normal role of each component in the context of the pathway and why its loss or modification would have the expected effect.
- Changes in the activity of a variety of Cdks are essential for accurate progression through the cell cycle, and yet the levels of Cdk expression are fairly constant during the cell cycle. Briefly describe three mechanisms by which the activity of Cdks is regulated.Describe the molecular mechanisms involved in P53’s role as a tumor repressor proteinDiscuss the complete cell cycle in a human cell, mitosis and meiosis, and the regulatory components (i.e. the proteins associated with cellular checkpoints) of the cell cycle. Tumor growth results when the cell cycle checkpoints are ignored. Give an example of how tumor growth could result from either a loss-of-function or a gain-of-function mutation.
- ''In the cellular regulatory pathways that controlcell growth and proliferation, the products of oncogenesare stimulatory components and the products of tumorsuppressor genes are inhibitory components.'' 'Is this statement true? Explain why or why not.Describe the steps by which the TP53 gene responds to DNA damage and/or cellular stress to promote cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis. Given that TP53 is a recessive gene and is not located on the X chromosome, why would people who inherit just one mutant copy of a recessive tumor-suppressor gene be at higher risk of developing cancer than those without the recessive gene?The p53 protein regulates the expression of BAX and Bcl2 to keep division at normal rate. Explain how is this achieved?
