The p53 gene encodes a tumor-suppressor protein, p53, which acts as a transcription factor for several genes. Discuss an example of a specific gene that is activated by p53 and how this gene activation will lead to a pause in the cell cycle for DNA repair to take place.

Q: p53 is a tumor suppressor gene in human cells. Transcription of this gene leads to the production of…

A: The TP53 sequence provides directions for creating a macromolecule known as tumor macromolecule p53…

Q: How can the role of epigenetics in cancer be reconciled with the idea that cancer is caused by the…

A: Epigenetics is the study of various alterations in an organism occurred because of certain gene…

Q: Define tumor-suppressor genes. Why is a mutated single copy of a tumor-suppressor gene expected to…

A: The repeated and uncontrollable division of cells forms a large mass called the tumor. Tumors might…

Q: The p53 gene was discovered in 1979, but it was not clear whether the gene functioned as an oncogene…

A: An oncogene is a type of gene that is responsible for causing the cells to divide uncontrollably and…

Q: The rb gene encodes a protein that inhibits E2F, a transcriptionfactor that activates several genes…

A: Abnormal and unnecessary growth of cells termed cancer. Mutations in DNA causes cancer. In the…

Q: Which of the following best describes a gene that codes for a tumor-suppressor protein? a. One that…

A: Cell growth is the process by which cells gain mass and expand in size. Animal cells that are…

Q: A normally functioning gene that regulates the cell cycle by stopping cell division is most likely…

A: Question - A normally functioning gene that regulates the cell cycle by stopping cell division is…

Q: Put a checkmark next to any of the following scenarios that would make it MORE likely that a cell…

A: Need to find all the options that produce uncontrollable cell division  and to increase chance of…

Q: Discuss the complete cell cycle in a human cell, mitosis and meiosis, and the regulatory components…

A: There are two types of cell division.They are Mitosis and Meiosis. Most of the times,the type of…

Q: You found a protein called X in colon cancer patients that is over-expressed and is associated with…

A: Metastasis is the process by which cancer cells spread from the primary tumor site to other parts of…

Q: Characterize the differences between tumor cells and normal cells in terms of the following…

A: A. The normal cell shows contact inhibition that means when two cells get contact then the growth…

Q: The TP53 gene provides instructions for making a protein called tumor protein p53. Known as the…

A: Deoxyribonucleic acid, abbreviated as DNA, is a double-helix made-up of nucleic acids. Its role in…

Q: BRCA1 and BRCA2 are genes that encode proteins involved in DNA repair. If DNA can not be repaired,…

A: BRCA1 (BReast CAncer gene 1) and BRCA2 (BReast CAncer gene 2) are genes that make proteins that aid…

Q: What is the difference between an oncogene and a tumor-suppressorgene? Give two examples of each…

A: Cancer is defined as the biological disorder in which the cells undergo uncontrolled growth and cell…

Q: Describe how Ras and p53 can alter the simplified genetic pathway controlling cell division shown…

A: There are two general types of genes that play a fundamental role in cancer induction:…

Q: The normal copies of tumor-suppressor genes encode proteins that have which three types of…

A: A tumour suppressor gene also known as anti-oncogene is a gene that is responsible to regulate the…

Q: What region would provide cell type-specific expression of genes? region  What site would…

A: The mRNA is given in the figure. The mRNA undergoes the process of translation to produce protein.

Q: Describe how tumor suppressors function to stop the cell cycle until certain events are completed

A: Normal genes that delay cell division, repair DNA errors, or tell cells when to die are known as…

Q: Cancer often results from a multistage process involving an initiating event (mediated by a viral…

A: Phorbol esters are a group of chemicals that are found in many plants. They are the ester…

Q: Suppose Nicole recently learned that she inherited a mutant BRCA1 allele from her mother, who had…

A: BRCA1 is a tumor suppressor gene usually expressed in breast cells. It is responsible for repairing…

Q: Compare the usual functions of proteins encoded by proto-oncogeneswith those of proteins encoded by…

A: Proteins are macromolecules formed by the long chain of amino acids. They are involved in a wide…

Q: An individual can inherit a gene in which expression has been altered by an ________ change with no…

A:

Q: Distinguish between proto-oncogenes and tumor-suppressor genes. To become cancer promoting, do…

A: Oncogene is a type of gene having the ability which can develop a cell to a tumor cell when…

Q: Why would a mutation in BRCA1 be considered a driver mutation?  b. Based on what you’ve learned…

A: In this question, we  have to answer 'BRCA gene consider as driver mutation and ATM consider as a…

Q: p53 is a tumor suppressor gene in human cells. Transcription of this gene leads to the production of…

A: p53 protein is encoded by the gene TP53, which is the tumor suppressor gene. Now we know that…

Q: Describe the effects of the mutation causing the p21 promoter to no longer bind p53 on cell…

A: p53 is a tumor suppressor gene but if p53 gets mutated then this protein is not able to bind to the…

Q: Classify the following genes as proto-oncogenes or tumor-suppressor genes: p53, ras, Bcl-2,…

A: Proto-oncogene is a normal gene which have many different functions in the cell, like providing…

Q: Tumor suppressor proteins can assist in slowing down the cell cycle under appropriate conditions. In…

A: Mutation can be classified in many ways - like point mutations are substitutions, frameshift…

Q: Products of proto-oncogenes and tumor-suppressor genes can be     growth factors and growth factor…

A: Normal DNA contains a particular sequence of DNA. If the sequence of DNA is changed due to external…

Q: Cells in a tumor contain mutated copies of a particular gene that promotes tumor growth. Gene…

A: An oncogene helps in control cell division and  contributes to cancer progression whereas a tumor…

Q: Which of the following chromosomal changes would be LEAST likely to cause the development of cancer?…

A: Cancer is a condition where cells in a specific part of the body grow and reproduce uncontrollably.…

Q: What is the difference between a proto-oncogene and a tumor suppressor gene?  How can mutations in…

A: Proto-oncogenes are normally switched off. But when they get activated they cause tumors. On the…

Q: Why don’t all loss-of-function mutations that are recessive at the cellular level behave as…

A: Loss of function mutation is otherwise known as inactivating mutations. This type of mutation is…

Q: A tumor suppressor gene (TSG) codes for a protein that is part of the system that regulates cell…

A: Normal genes that halt cell division or fix DNA errors are known as tumor suppressor genes. Such…

Q: Explain how epigenetic changes can contribute to tumorigenesis.

A: Tumors are clumps of cells formed by uncontrollable cell division. Tumorigenesis is the uncontrolled…

Q: Please explain the regulatory role of Bcl-2 family proteins in cell death?

A: BCL-2 family proteins are the controllers of apoptosis, yet additionally have different functions to…

Q: A cell inherits a mutation in a gene that results in a transcription factor, called NF-kB,…

A: Introduction :- Mutations are defined as the changes in the DNA sequence and thus , hereditary in…

Q: n order for certain cancers to propagate, they require a growth factor known as Vascular Endothelial…

A: Introduction:- VEGF A chemical produced by cells that promotes the creation of new blood vessels.…

Q: The protein that ensures the fidelity of DNA replication is the a. tumor repressor P53 protein. b.…

A: The capacity of polymerase to prevent or rectify mistakes in the newly synthesized DNA strand is…

Q: What is the most likely reason for a heterogeneous genetic makeup of a tumor that arises from a…

A: the answer is given in next step.

Q: If a particular proto-oncogene has been altered by mutation into an oncogene such that it is…

A: Proto oncogenes are the genes which are inactivated in normal cell but when they get activated, it…

Q: For each of the following situations, provide a plausible explanation for how it could lead to…

A: “Since you have asked multiple question, we will solve the first question for you. If you want any…

Q: Explain Mutations in tumor-suppressor genes are recessive at the cellular level but dominant at the…

A: Cancer is a group of diseases involving abnormal growth of cells, which tend to proliferate in an…

Q: Cellular levels of tumor suppressor protein p53 is maintained by a ubiquitin ligase protein, called…

A: From the above information, we can make the following inferences - 1. p53, as indicated in the…

Q: Describe how the tumor-suppressor genes Rb, p53 and p21 regulate the cell cycle.

A: Tumor suppressor gene  These gene controls the activity of cell division cycles. They decide whether…

Q: Explain the difference between a proto-oncogene and a tumor-suppressor gene.

A: Cancer is the state of uncontrolled cell division.

Genomic studies

Genomic studies (genomics) is the study of the whole genome of an organism. Using bioinformatics and high-performance computing, genomic researchers examined massive amounts of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)-sequence data to discover variations or mutations that affect drug response, health, or disease. Genomics is a much younger discipline than genetics, having only emerged in the last few decades as a result of technological advancements in DNA sequencing and computational biology.