describe the role of mitochondria in initiating apoptosis. please describe and summarize in short two paragraphs only. The MitochondriaPlay an InitiatingRole in ApoptosisDNAdamageCytochrome cApaf-1 (apoptosisprotease activatingfactor-1)Procaspase-9monomers(inactive)StressProcaspase-3Procaspase-7MKATPApoptosome causes dimer-ization of procaspase-9,creating active caspase-9dimers.ROS DevelopmentalsignalPermeability transitionpore complex opens.Cytochromecmoves to cytosol.Binding of cytochrome cand ATP induces Apaf-1 toform an apoptosome.ApoptosomeCaspase-9dimers(active)Caspase-9 catalyzesproteolytic activationof caspase-3 andcaspase-7.These caspases lead to deathand reabsorption of the cell.Caspase-3Caspase-7Cell death

Apoptosis, also known as programmed cell dress, is a natural process by which cells degrade their…

Answered: describe the role of mitochondria in…

Science

Biochemistry

describe the role of mitochondria in initiating apoptosis. please describe and summarize in short two paragraphs only.

Biochemistry

6th Edition

ISBN:9781305577206

Author:Reginald H. Garrett, Charles M. Grisham

Publisher:Reginald H. Garrett, Charles M. Grisham

Chapter21: Photosynthesis

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 5P: The Relative Efficiency of ATP Synthesis in Noncyclic versus Cyclic Photophosphorylation If...

See similar textbooks

Related questions

Q: The buffer systems of blood, their role in maintenance of acid-base homeostasis

A: A buffer is a solution that can resist changes in pH when small quantities of acid or base are added…

Q: Mitochondrial DNA is (A) Circular double stranded (B) Circular single stranded (C) Linear double…

A: Mitochondrial DNA is a type of genetic material found in the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells. It is…

Q: Transamination and its significance.

A: Transamination is a fundamental biochemical process that plays a critical role in the metabolism of…

Q: The increase of ATP is due to what pathway in the catabolism of glucose?

A: Cellular respiration is a collection of three metabolic pathways that generate ATP by the oxidation…

Q: 1. Since the pK values for aspartic acid are 2.0, 3.9 and 10.0, it follows that the isoelectric (pH)…

A: Amino acids are the main units of protein. Each amino acid has a central carbon atom called Cα. To…

Q: Based on the image below, select the correct statement. Complex II QH₂ Q- 000000 2 HⓇ 2 HO Fe-S (2.8…

A: Metabolic processes can be divided into two types: Catabolic processes: These processes break down…

Q: Looking at the structure of alpha linolenic acid and knowing the electron carriers produced in each…

A: Alpha-linolenic acid is an omega-3, essential fatty acid. Looking at its structure, it is also…

Q: Which of the following statements best explains why the activity of ATP-citrate lyase and malic…

A: ATP-citrate lyase (ACL) and malic enzyme (ME) are enzymes involved in cellular metabolism. ACL is…

Q: Which of the following does not have a bilayer? Nucleus. Micelle. Liposome. Endoplasmic…

A: The lipid bilayer is basically two layers of lipid molecules (mostly phospholipids) stacked together…

Q: Based on the image below select the correct statements Intermembrane space H Inner mitochondrial-…

A: Oxidative phosphorylation process is a catabolic process that takes place in the mitochondria. This…

Q: In cellular respiration, can NADH and oxygen levels increase/decrease at the same time or not? What…

A: During cellular respiration, the electrons in NADH gets transferred to O2 to generate water. The…

Q: Question 10 of 10 Which of the following is/are true for sickle-cell anemia? 1. It results from a…

A: Sickle cell anemia is a blood disorder which is heritable. It is caused due to a mutation in the…

Q: What are invariant residues? Homologous?

A: Introduction Proteins are the most abundant macromolecules in our body. Amino acids are the building…

Q: Describe in detail the role of kidneys in acid-base regulation and the role of blood buffers in…

A: Introduction: It provides a comprehensive explanation of the role of the kidneys and blood buffers…

Q: Which of the following histones shows more sequence similarity among eukaryotic species? a) H2A b)…

A: Histones are highly conserved proteins that play a crucial role in packaging DNA into chromatin.…

Q: Free radicals generated during intense physical activity may stimulate the body's natural…

A: Free radicals are unstable and highly reactive molecules that can damage cells and contribute to the…

Q: Which of the following is not a lipid link that anchors membrane-associated proteins to the bilayer?…

A: Membrane-associated proteins can be anchored to the cell membrane by a variety of lipid anchors.…

Q: What are the mechanisms that cause the cross-over from fat to carbohydrate as the primary fuel…

A: Oxidation of glucose via the glycolytic pathway produces 2 molecules of pyruvate and generates 2…

Q: 5. What is the strength of a medicine when mixed with 40 mg in 100 ml of total solution?

A: The dosage of a medicine is typically calculated based on the patient’s weight and the prescribed…

Q: I can select only one false option you are mentioning 2 false questions please pick one

A: The free energy released from oxidation of glucose to carbon-dioxide is stored in the form of…

Q: 11. TBP stands for? a) Transcription factor binding protein b) Transcription associated factor c)…

A: TBP is a transcription factor that plays a key role in the initiation of transcription by RNA…

Q: Is carbonic anhydrase a metalloprotease? If so, what is the mechanism for the enzyme and a proposed…

A: A metalloprotease is a type of metalloenzyme where a metalloenzyme has a metal ion at its active…

Q: What will happen if the enzyme renin is mixed with 1N HCL before adding milk? Little coagulation O…

A: Rennin is a proteolytic enzyme or protein digesting enzyme also know as chymosin. If the enzyme…

Q: What is the denaturant in Anfinsen’s classic experiment to demonstrate that reduced and denatured…

A: Protein folding is a ordered set of pathways which leads to the formation of native conformation of…

Q: 25. Which lipoprotein prevents the formation of plaque in the artery? a. HDL b. VLDL c. LDL d.…

A: Lipoproteins are made up of fats and proteins. The main function of the lipoproteins is to circulate…

Q: Estimate the pl (isoelectric point) of a protein with the amino acid composition below. . Arg: 3…

A: The approximate pKa values for the amino acid residues are as follows: Arginine (Arg): pKa =…

Q: Draw the skeletal structure of a triacylglycerol that contains three molecules of caproic acid.

A: Tri acyl glycerol : The lipid molecules which consist of glycerol with three fatty acids attached…

Q: 3. In this question you can do the graphs on your computer. A, Calculate the Vmax and Km in the…

A: Enzyme catalysed reactions follow Michaelis Menton equation which is : Vo=VmaxSKm + [S] Here, Vo is…

Q: A. An oil which contains cyclic fatty acids and once used in the treatment of leprosy is (A) Elaidic…

A: The concept is related to a question about identifying an oil that contains cyclic fatty acids and…

Q: 2. (Part A) Coenzyme-dependent enzymes can catalyze the general transformations shown below. What…

A: Enzymes are biological catalysts that catalyse biochemical reactions. Most enzymes are made up of…

Q: 1. Where inside the cell does the degradation of long-chained fatty acids occur? a. mitochondria b.…

A: Since you have posted multiple multiple-choice-questions, we will provide the solution only to the…

Q: If the fatty acid is esterified with an alcohol of high molecular weight instead of glycerol, the…

A: The esterification of fatty acids with alcohols is a common biochemical process that leads to the…

Q: I still can't understand why we get about 24500 signals. Please let me know what formula I should…

A: The qPCR is generally useful to determine the actual value of PCR product present at provided cycle.…

Q: Lysozyme is a Lipid Carbohydrate Protein Nucleotide

A: Lysozyme is an enzyme that catalyses the hydrolysis of β-1,4-glycosidic linkages. Hydrolysis means…

Q: Which of the following directly phosphorylate tyrosines to start a kinase protein enzymatic cascade?…

A: Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) are a type of cell surface receptor that undergo…

Q: How many mitochondrial proteins are encoded in nuclear genes and imported into mitochondria after…

A: Mitochondrial proteins are a group of proteins that are located within the mitochondria, which are…

Q: Sketch the arrow pushing mechanism for the acid base catalyzed formation of phospho-serine from…

A: Protein Kinase A catalyses the transfer of the gamma phosphate group from ATP to the target…

Q: 1/V sec/mM -6-4-2 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 2 4 A B 6 8 10 1/[S] MM-1 inhibited enzyme uninhibited enzyme…

A: For a one-substrate enzyme-catalyzed reaction, the Michaelis-Menton equation shows the quantitative…

Q: 8. The true statement about solutions of amino acids at physiological pH is (A) All amino acids…

A: Amino acids are the basic building blocks of proteins and are essential for various biological…

Q: ) Calculate the required gram of Tris-Hcl to prepare 1M, 100 ml Tris-HCl (Tris Stock) with mol and…

A: Since we you have posted mulitple questions, the answer to first question is given and you are…

Q: A.Define and classify jaundice .Describe laboratory tests for jaundicealong with its clinical…

A: Jaundice is a common condition that is characterized by the yellowish discoloration of the skin and…

Q: A) What is the enzyme that mediates this reaction? B) What is the significance of this enzyme? What…

A: Enzymes are proteins that catalyse (increase the rate of) biological reactions in living organisms.…

Q: Which of the following enzyme is used in PCR? a) EcoRII b) EcoRI c) Tag DNA polymerase d) HRP

A: PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) is a widely used technique in molecular biology that amplifies a…

Q: Which position of a codon is said to wobble? a) Fourth b) First c) Second d) Third

A: The genetic code is a set of rules for translating the nucleotide sequence of RNA into the amino…

Q: Select the statements that correctly describe SDS‑PAGE. SDS‑PAGE is a protein used as a loading…

A: SDS-PAGE (sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis) is a common technique used in…

Q: A drug which prevents uric acid synthesis by inhibiting the enzyme xanthine oxidase is (A) Aspirin…

A: Catabolism of guanine and adenine generates xanthine. Xanthine oxidase then catalyzes the conversion…

Q: 14. How many cycles of O-H-O-T would it take to complete the B-oxidation of an 18-C fatty acid? a. 6…

A: Fatty acids are carboxylic acids with a hydrocarbon chain ranging from 4 carbon to 36 carbons.…

Q: What are the different types of biomolecules involved in cellular signaling, and how do they…

A: There are several types of biomolecules involved in cellular signaling, each with its own function…

Q: Sketch the arrow pushing mechanism of the hydrolysis of phospho-serine by the emzyme phosphatase.…

A: Phosphatases are enzymes that catalyse the removal of phosphate group from their target substrate.…

Q: Which of the following proteins does not function in cell-cell interaction? a) Cadherin b)…

A: Cytochrome c is a protein that plays a critical role in the electron transport chain, which is…

Question

describe the role of mitochondria in initiating apoptosis. please describe and summarize in short two paragraphs only.

The Mitochondria
Play an Initiating
Role in Apoptosis
DNA
damage
Cytochrome c
Apaf-1 (apoptosis
protease activating
factor-1)
Procaspase-9
monomers
(inactive)
Stress
Procaspase-3
Procaspase-7
MK
ATP
Apoptosome causes dimer-
ization of procaspase-9,
creating active caspase-9
dimers.
ROS Developmental
signal
Permeability transition
pore complex opens.
Cytochromec
moves to cytosol.
Binding of cytochrome c
and ATP induces Apaf-1 to
form an apoptosome.
Apoptosome
Caspase-9
dimers
(active)
Caspase-9 catalyzes
proteolytic activation
of caspase-3 and
caspase-7.
These caspases lead to death
and reabsorption of the cell.
Caspase-3
Caspase-7
Cell death

Expert Solution

This question has been solved!

Explore an expertly crafted, step-by-step solution for a thorough understanding of key concepts.

This is a popular solution!

SEE SOLUTION Check out a sample Q&A here

Step 1: Introduction

VIEW

Step 2: Role of mitochondria in cell death

VIEW

Solution

VIEW

Trending now

This is a popular solution!

Step by step

Solved in 3 steps

SEE SOLUTION Check out a sample Q&A here

Similar questions

Energy production pathway is targeted by drugs in the malignent cancerous cells to control an x cancer type. Use your speculation and tell targeting and destroying which one energy producing agent of the oxidative phosphorylation will be most effected in blocking most of the energy production and why?
Fo-F1 ATPase. The energy for ATP synthesis from ADP and Pi is provided by the downhill transport of protons through the rotary FoF1 ATP synthase . The enzyme has 3 alpha-beta and 12 ‘c’ subunits. The mitochondrion maintains change in membrane potential=180 mV (negative inside), pHin = 8, pHout=7, [Pi] = 3 mM and ADP is present as well. . What [ATP]/[ADP] ratio will be established at steady-state under these conditions? What would be the [ATP]/[ADP] ratio if the enzyme had only 9 ‘c’ subunits? full revolution of the crank (gamma subunit) produces 3 ATP.
This UCP1 protein allows the protons (H+) of the mitochondrial intermembrane space to enter the mitochondrial matrix without going through the ATP synthase. This bypass represents a shortcut for protons and uncouples (i.e. eliminates the interrelationship between) the following two processes: The entry of protons inside the mitochondrial matrix, following their concentration gradient. The phosphorylation of ADP into ATP by the ATP synthase. It is this uncoupling that gave the protein its name: uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1). The following figure shows the location of UCP1 when it is expressed (synthesized) in the brown adipose tissues (BAT) of hibernating mammals. Question 12 Based on the UCP1 protein structure shown earlier, and based on the figure above, what type of protein is UCP1? Question 12 options: a) A primary active transporter. b) A motor protein.…
In the mitochondrial disease MNGIE a deficiency of thymidine phosphorylase causes dTTP to accumulate in mitochondria. Describe the mechanism by which this occurs. A secondary effect is depletion of mitochondrial dCTP pools. Describe a plausible mechanism for this effect.
Which statements are true? Explain why or why not.1 In normal adult tissues, cell death usually balancescell division.2 Mammalian cells that do not have cytochrome cshould be resistant to apoptosis induced by DNA damage.
Mitochondrial oxidation of fatty acids is a major source of ATP, yet fatty acids can be oxidized elsewhere. What organelle, besides the mitochondrion, can oxidize fatty acids? What is the fundamental difference between oxidation oc- curring in this organelle and mitochondrial oxidation?
The reason why the central effector molecule cytochrome c în apoptosis was not found in the many genetic screens for "death" genes that have been carried out in C. elegans
3. β-oxidation of higher fatty acids:3.1. tissue and intracellular localization of the process3.2. activation of fatty acids3.3. mechanism of fatty acids transport to mitochondria with theparticipation of carnitine
The inner membrane of the mitochondria has folds called the cristae. How would the function of the mitochondria be different if the inner membrane were not folded
Mitochondrial Abnormalities in Tetralogy of Fallot Tetralogy of Fallot (TF) is a genetic disorder in which heart malformations result in abnormal blood circulation, so oxygen does not reach body cells as it should. With insufficient oxygen to accept electrons at the end of miotchondrial electron transfer chains, too many free radicals form. This damages the mitochondriaand the cells. In 2004, Sarah Kuruvilla studied mitochondria in the heart muscle of TF patients. Some of her results are shown in FIGURE 7.13. Patient (age) SPO2(%) Mitochondrial Abnormalities in TF Number Shape Size Broken 1(5) 55 + + 2(3) 69 + + 3(22) 72 + + 4(2) 74 + + 5(3) 76 + + + 6(2.5) 78 + + + 7(1) 79 + + 8(12) 80 + + 9(4) 80 + + 10(B) 83 + + 11(20) 85 + + 12(2.5) 89 + + FIGURE 7.13 Mitochondrial changes in tetralogy of Fallot (TF). (A) Normal heart muscle. Many mitochondria between the fibers provide muscle cells with ATP for contraction. (B) Heart muscle from a person with TF has swollen, broken mitochondria. (C) Types of mitochondrial abnormalities in TF patients. SPO2 is oxygen saturation of the blood. A normal value of SPO2 is 96%. Abnormalities are marked +. 3. Can you make any correlations between blood oxygen content and mitochondrial abnormalities in these patients?
The Relative Efficiency of ATP Synthesis in Noncyclic versus Cyclic Photophosphorylation If noncyclic photosynthetic electron transport leads to the translocation of 7 H+/2e- and cyclic photosynthetic electron transport leads to the translocation of 2 H+/e-, what is the relative photosynthetic efficiency of ATP synthesis (expressed as the number of photons absorbed per ATP synthesized) for noncyclic versus cyclic photophosphorylation? (Assume that the CF1CF0-ATP synthase yields 3 ATP/14 H+.)
ACTIVITY4; ETC Crossword Puzzle Direction Answer the questions or complete the statements below to fill in the puzzle Across Down 3. Complex lis also known as the 1. Heptachior has been hinked to health issue complex 4. In stage of the ETC, the heptachlor is 2. is when the body has elevated levels inhibited of calcium 6. Complex Il is linked directly to the 5. Rotenone is most commonly found in cycle 8. Complex is inhibited in this pesticide, 7. Rotenone is most abundant in the part of the plant 9. There are (number) complexes in the 10. Heptachlor is commonly spread in ETC form 13. There are (number) ATP produced 11. Complex is also known as the per glucose molecule from the electron Succinate Dehydrogenase Complex transport chain 12. Heptachlor is a man-made substance. 14.type of reaction is used to transfer electrons from electron donors to electron acceptors 15. compound receives electrons from NADH 16. (plant) is where the rotenone comes from 17. in a eukaryotic cell, most of the…