Despite the logic of the Coase theorem, private actors often fail to resolve the problems caused by negative environmental externalities on their own due to high transaction costs. True False
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- Three neighboring towns – Marshland, Dampland, and Wetland – all border the same lake. The lake frequently floods causing damage to property in all three towns. Each town would benefit from flood mitigation, but the level of benefits differs. With Z representing the level of mitigation: for Marshland, MB = 3 – Z for Dampland, MB = 4 – 2Z for Wetland, MB = 11- Z The marginal cost of flood mitigation is MC = 2 + 12Z Questions: ***Please Note*** Previous Expert Calculated: Z = 16/3 as the Solution to (a) Math Solver Calculates: Z = 1 ***Please Resolve*** (a) What is the socially optimal level of Z? (b) What would each individual town be willing to pay for this level of flood mitigation? (c) The representative from Wetland proposes that each town pay an equal share for the optimal level of flood mitigation. Would…How is the “free-rider” problem so potentially vexing to the challenge of mitigatingclimate change?. Some dissenting scientists at Environment Canada disagree with the estimate of $1.50 for theenvironmental externality. They believe that the incidence of the externality is not constant acrossdifferent levels of production; instead the size of the externality is proportional to the level of output.That is, the larger is the output, the larger is the externality. Their research suggests that the truesocial cost of cereal production diverges from private costs at every level of production by an amountequal to ten percent of production (note: ten percent, not ten percentage points).The government would like to know the economic effects of implementing a tax to internalise theexternality in this case. Draw the diagram for this market and policy. Solve for all relevant Ps and Qs.Calculate producer surplus
- Question 4:Q4 a) Why do externalities lead to inefficient outcomes? Explain why allocating propertyrights might help solve this problem. Q4 b) In what real-world circumstances might this approach be easier to implement andwhy?Suppose the aggregate MAC function is 100 - 20W and aggregate MD = 5W for a polluting industry. 1. Suppose an emissions standard is being considered to achieve the socially optimal emissions level. What would be the total costs that the polluting industry avoids if the regulator decided not to regulate the firm and leave the market as is? A. 0 B. 150 C. 50 D. 10 2. What would the polluting industry's total abatement costs equal if it faced an emissions tax rate equal to 20 dollars per unit emitted? A. 60 B. 20 C. 10 D. 0Suppose that Penn Products and Teller Industries are both emitting 30 metric tons of perfluorocarbons (PFCs) into the atmosphere. Regulators wish to reduce emissions to 40 metric tons overall, and plan to achieve this with a system of tradable permits. Penn’s marginal abatement costs are given by MACP = 5eP, where eP is the number of metric tons of emissions that Penn is cutting. Thus, the cost of cleaning up the first metric ton is $5, the second ton costs $10 to clean up, and so on. Teller’s marginal abatement costs are given by MACT = 7.5eT, where eT is the number of metric tons of emissions that Teller cuts. a. The lowest-cost way to reduce emissions is found when both firms’ marginal abatement costs are equalized. Equate Penn’s and Teller’s marginal abatement costs, and solve for eP in terms of eT. For each metric ton that Teller cuts, how many tons should Penn cut? b. Because 20 metric tons are to be cut, we know that eP + eT = 20. Use your…
- Plants A and B emit 12 tons and 6 tons of carbon dioxide (CO2), respectively. MAC(marginal abatement costs) for a = 12 - Ea, MACb=12-2Eb MD(marginal damage) = 1/3*E (E indicates CO2 emission) Suppose that the emission trading system is introduced and the right to emit 7 tons is given to power plant A and the right to emit 5 tons is given to power plant B. In order for emission permits to be traded, the price of one unit of emission permits must be at least a certain amount (minimum price) and conversely, how much must be less than a maximum (maximum price), that is, explain the fluctuation range of the emission permit price.The supply and demand of sugar are given as Qs = 5P, Qd = 250- P where Qs is tons supplied per year, P is the price per ton; Qd is tons demanded per year. Because of the pollution associated with production, marginal external costs of 40 are associated with each ton of sugar. Assuming that sugar is sold in a competitive market, a) What is the market price? How many tons of paper will be produced per year at that price? b) What is the efficient output of paper? c) What is the amount of total Pigouvian tax to achieve efficiency? d) What is the amount of total Pigouvian subsidy to achieve efficiency?Q)What are economists most concerned with when determining the desirability of pollution abatement programs? a. the expected future costs associated with rising ocean levels b. the future savings to the health-care system from fewer environmental illnesses c. equating the marginal cost and marginal benefit of pollution abatement d. the level of greenhouse gas emissions from automobiles
- Discuss how public sector budgets reflect accountability during covid-19 ..in more wordsThe supply and demand of sugar are given as Qs = 5P, Qd = 250- P where Qs is tons supplied per year, P is the price per ton; Qd is tons demanded per year. Because of the pollution associated with production, marginal external costs of 40 are associated with each ton of sugar. Assuming that sugar is sold in a competitive market, What is the market price? How many tons of paper will be produced per year at that price? What is the efficient output of paper? What is the amount of total Pigouvian tax to achieve efficiency? What is the amount of total Pigouvian subsidy to achieve efficiency? Expert AnswerThe supply and demand of sugar are given as Qs = 5P, Qd = 250- P where Qs is tons supplied per year, P is the price per ton; Qd is tons demanded per year. Because of the pollution associated with production, marginal external costs of 40 are associated with each ton of sugar. Assuming that sugar is sold in a competitive market, What is the market price? How many tons of paper will be produced per year at that price? What is the efficient output of paper? What is the amount of total Pigouvian tax to achieve efficiency? What is the amount of total Pigouvian subsidy to achieve efficiency?