Disulfides are compounds that have S— S bonds, like peroxideshave O— O bonds. Thiols are organic compoundsthat have the general formula R— SH, where R is a generichydrocarbon. The SH- ion is the sulfur counterpart ofhydroxide, OH-. Two thiols can react to make a disulfide,R— S— S— R. (a) What is the oxidation state of sulfur ina thiol? (b) What is the oxidation state of sulfur in a disulfide?(c) If you react two thiols to make a disulfide, are youoxidizing or reducing the thiols? (d) If you wanted to converta disulfide to two thiols, should you add a reducingagent or oxidizing agent to the solution? (e) Suggest whathappens to the H’s in the thiols when they form disulfides.

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Group 15 elements

The elements of group 15 are phosphorus, nitrogen, bismuth antimony, and arsenic. The most abundant element which is present in the air is nitrogen and the percentage of nitrogen present in the air is 78%. In the free state, the elemental nitrogen is present as diatomic gas (N2). In the organic matter obtained from plants and animals, phosphorus is the dominant element present. In nucleic acids, phosphate groups are present. Phosphates are also found in teeth and bones. The other elements arsenic, bismuth, and antimony are found as sulfides. Arsenopyrite, bismuth glance, and stibnite are examples of sulfides of arsenic, bismuth, and antimony respectively.