Under standard Bertrand competition between identical firms in a single market where the firm with the lowest price takes the entire market (assume the price is non-negative real number), O Firms can make positive profits in equilibrium There is a unique equilibrium in which both firms charge the price equals to marginal cost O Firms make zero profit, but price may be above the marginal cost None of the other choices is correct
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- While there is a degree of differentiation between major grocery chains like Albertsons and Kroger, theregular offering of sale prices by both firms for many of their products provides evidence that these firmsengage in price competition. For markets where Albertsons and Kroger are the dominant grocers, thissuggests that these two stores simultaneously announce one of two prices for a given product: a regularprice or a sale price. Suppose that when one firm announces the sale price and the other announces theregular price for a particular product, the firm announcing the sale price attracts 1000 extra customers toearn a profit of $5000, compared to the $3000 earned by the firm announcing the regular price. Whenboth firms announced the sale price, the two firms split the market equally (each getting an extra 500customers) to earn profits of $2000 each. When both firms announced the regular price, each companyattracts only its 1500 loyal customers and the firms each earned $4500 in…Consider a duopoly market with 2 firms. Aggregate demand in this market is given by Q = 500 – P, where P is the price on the market. Q is total market output, i.e., Q = QA + QB, where QA is the output by Firm A and QB is the output by Firm B. For both firms, marginal cost is given by MCi = 20, i=A,B. Assume the firms compete a la Cournot. 1. What are the equilibrium quantities? 2. What is the total quantity supplied on this market? 3. What is the equilibrium price in this market?Please no written by hand solution Considerthe following problem. There are five firms producing a homogenous good and competing in quantities simultaneously. The demand function for this good is given by D(p) = 100−p, where p denotes price. The marginal cost is the same for all firms and equals 40 Answer the following questions. (a) Compute the equilibrium quantities and profits of each firm. (b) Now suppose that two of these firms (say firms 1 and 2) want to merge. (The remaining firms stay unchanged.) Merging, however, is costly. To merge, each merging firm has to pay a fixed cost F. Determine the highest fixed cost F that the two firms would be willing to pay in order to proceed with the merger.
- Part c please Suppose four Cournot competitors face an inverse market demand curve of P = 1620 – 8Q, each with identical costs Ci = 4000 + 60qi. Use the formulae given in exercise 8.15 (pgs. 214-15) for firm profits, market price, and consumer surplus at a Cournot equilibrium to answer the following questions. a. Demonstrate that a merger between F3 and F4 will not be profitable if their costs remain unchanged. (Careful: the “n” in the profit formula changes from 4 to 3.) b. Could the merger be profitable i. if fixed costs fell? If so, how much reduction is necessary? ii. If the variable costs of the merged firm fell by 75%, so that C3|4 = 8000 + 15q? (Fixed cost remains 8000 because we are assuming only variable costs fall.) c. Calculate the consumer surplus created in this market when there are four identical firms. How does it change after a merger occurs between F3 and F4 if: i. no costs savings occur ii. the merged firm reduces its fixed costs by $6000 iii. the merged firm…Part d please Suppose four Cournot competitors face an inverse market demand curve of P = 1620 – 8Q, each with identical costs Ci = 4000 + 60qi. Use the formulae given in exercise 8.15 (pgs. 214-15) for firm profits, market price, and consumer surplus at a Cournot equilibrium to answer the following questions. a. Demonstrate that a merger between F3 and F4 will not be profitable if their costs remain unchanged. (Careful: the “n” in the profit formula changes from 4 to 3.) b. Could the merger be profitable i. if fixed costs fell? If so, how much reduction is necessary? ii. If the variable costs of the merged firm fell by 75%, so that C3|4 = 8000 + 15q? (Fixed cost remains 8000 because we are assuming only variable costs fall.) c. Calculate the consumer surplus created in this market when there are four identical firms. How does it change after a merger occurs between F3 and F4 if: i. no costs savings occur ii. the merged firm reduces its fixed costs by $6000 iii. the merged firm…Part b please Suppose four Cournot competitors face an inverse market demand curve of P = 1620 – 8Q, each with identical costs Ci = 4000 + 60qi. Use the formulae given in exercise 8.15 (pgs. 214-15) for firm profits, market price, and consumer surplus at a Cournot equilibrium to answer the following questions. a. Demonstrate that a merger between F3 and F4 will not be profitable if their costs remain unchanged. (Careful: the “n” in the profit formula changes from 4 to 3.) b. Could the merger be profitable i. if fixed costs fell? If so, how much reduction is necessary? ii. If the variable costs of the merged firm fell by 75%, so that C3|4 = 8000 + 15q? (Fixed cost remains 8000 because we are assuming only variable costs fall.) c. Calculate the consumer surplus created in this market when there are four identical firms. How does it change after a merger occurs between F3 and F4 if: i. no costs savings occur ii. the merged firm reduces its fixed costs by $6000 iii. the merged firm…
- There are two firms in the market (duopoly). These two firms are competingsimultaneously. The first firm chooses its output level (x) by predicting the second firm’soutput (y). Let c denote the total cost function c(x) = x and c(y) = y. Also, let’s assumethat the inverse demand function is p(Y) = 7 - Y where Y = x + y. (1) Obtain the reactionfunction of the first firm. (2) Find the equilibrium (output and profit of each firm) whentwo firms simultaneously competeConsider the Cournot duopoly with linear demand function ? = 2000 − 2Q, where P is the price and Q = q1 + q2 is the total supply. Firm 1 and firm 2 has constant marginal cost of 600. Just answer the E, F and G, thank you bartleby! a. If firm compete in price, draw in detail the best response of each firm.b. Determine and explain the Bertrand equilibrium.c. What is the equilibrium quantity and how much profit for each firm?d. Explain the Bertrand Paradox in (c)!e. If firm 1 has capacity of production 450 and firm 2 has capacity of 200. Determine the Bertrand equilibrium.f. What is the equilibrium quantity, and how much profit for each firm?g. Is there any paradox in (f)?Discuss Many electronics stores like EMAX, and Jumbo have low-price guaranteepolicies. At a minimum, these guarantees promise to match a rival’s price, and somepromise to beat the lowest advertised price by a given percentage. Do these types ofpricing strategies result in cutthroat competition and zero economic profits? If not, whynot? If so, suggest an alternative pricing strategy that will permit these firms to earnpositive economic profits.
- DuopolyMarket for mechanical pencils can be described by the following demand schedule:Price | Number of pencils demanded$6 | 80$5 | 200$4 | 320$3 | 440$2 | 560$1 | 680$0 | 800The fixed cost is $340, while the variable cost is $0.50.d) If there were two firms on the market and they agreed to cooperate, how much would eachfirm need to produce? Follow the procedure outlined in the lecture and show that the otherfirm would prefer to deviate from the agreement.e) When the firms deviate from the agreement, there is a new optimal level of output. Showwhether the firms have an incentive to deviate from that level?f) If there were two firms on the market, what would be the price and the quantity of pencilstraded if the firms couldn’t cooperate?Please solve D and E part only. Thankyou. Consider three firms, each with cost function C(qi)=4qi, currently competing Cournot. Market demand is P = 20 – Q. a. a. Find the quantities, price, and profits of each firm in equilibrium. b. Imagine firms1 and 2 merged to become one, so after the merger there are now two firms left in the market, firm 1&2 and firm 3. Assume there are no cost efficiencies expected and assume that the two firms play Cournot as before. Find the quantities, price, and profits of each firm in equilibrium c. Was it profitable for firms 1 and 2 to merge in the first place? d. Continuing with b., imagine that firms did not play Cournot after the merger, but rather that the merged firm 1&2 became a Stackelberg leader after the merger and firm 3 became the Stackelberg follower. If this were the case, find the quantities, price, and profits of each firm in equilibrium. e. Was it profitable for firms 1 and 2 to merge in the first place? Did price…a)Consider a homogeneous goods industry where two firms operate and the linear demand is given by p(y1 + y2 ) = a - b(y1 + y2 ), where p is the market price, and y1 (y2) is the output produced by firm 1 (2). There are no costs for firm 1 or firm 2. Derive the best responses (reaction curve) for firm 1 and firm 2. Explain the term best response (reaction curve). Illustrate the best responses in a diagram. b) For the case in (a) determine the Cournot equilibrium (Nash equilibrium in quantities) when firm 1 and firm 2 compete simultaneously in quantities. How large are firm 1’s and firm 2’s profits? What is the industry output? c) Suppose the inverse demand curve in a market is D(p) =a-bp, where D(p) is the quantity demanded and p is the market price. Firm 1 is the leader and has a cost function c1(y1)=cy1 while firm 2 is the follower with a cost function c2(y2 )=. Firm 1 sets its price to maximise its profit. Firm 1 correctly forecasts that the follower takes the price leader’s…