e Sciences/P23.2.1.2.22.32.4_5vedapproximately 340 different dog breeds. They have been bred for certainDogs have been selected and bred over many years to producecharacteristics desirable to humans.wolves are the only direct ancestor to present-day dog breeds. All dog breedsAn analysis of 736 base pairs of the cytochrome-b gene showed that greybelong to the species Canis familiaris.The table below shows some dog breeds and their desirable characteristics.Grey wolfDog breedsSC/NSCPoodlePugSaint BernardRhodesian ridgebackDBE/2023CharacteristicsIntelligentLoving, affectionate andplayfulOutgoing and adventurousDescribe how humans carried outQUESTION 3.2.1Strong, athletic and fastName the process whereby the different breeds of dogs wereproduced.the processnamed inExplain how it can be confirmed that all these dog breeds belong tothe same species.Explain which of the dog breeds shown would best be used forhunting.Explain how present-day dog breeds may be disadvantaged inrelation to their common ancestor.Please turn o

There is a process called natural selection which operates in nature without human interference.…

es Canis familiaris. ows some dog breeds and their desirable cha Dog breeds Poodle Pug Saint Bernard Rhodesian ridgeback Characteristics Intelligent Loving, affectionate and playful Outgoing and adventurous Strong, athletic and fast process whereby the different breeds of dogs were the process named in

es Canis familiaris. ows some dog breeds and their desirable cha Dog breeds Poodle Pug Saint Bernard Rhodesian ridgeback Characteristics Intelligent Loving, affectionate and playful Outgoing and adventurous Strong, athletic and fast process whereby the different breeds of dogs were the process named in

Human Heredity: Principles and Issues (MindTap Course List)

11th Edition

ISBN:9781305251052

Author:Michael Cummings

Publisher:Michael Cummings

Chapter10: From Proteins To Phenotypes

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 23QP

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77: The Most Recent Common Ancestor (MRCA) is an individual who donated DNA to every single living person, meaning we are all related to each other through him/her. Which statement best describes the human MRCA based on mitochondrial evidence? A: A woman who lived in Africa 200,000 to 300,000 years ago B: This person was the only human alive at some point C: A woman who lived in Siberia 40-50,000 years ago
Tiny foxes live on the Channel Islands off the coastof Southern California; the adults weigh less than3 lbs. These so-called island foxes (Urocyon littoralis) derived from the mainland gray fox (Urocyoncinereoargenteus). Analysis of genome sequencesrevealed that unlike the mainland foxes, the foxeson a single island have shockingly little geneticdiversity.a. The genome of only one fox from each island wassequenced. How would the lack of genetic diversitybe evident in a single genome sequence?b. The populations of the foxes on each island aresmall. How might the low diversity have occurred?c. Why is low genetic diversity thought to lead tospecies extinction?d. Hypothesize as to why the Channel Island foxesare thriving without human assistance despite theirlack of genome sequence diversity
77: The Most Recent Common Ancestor (MRCA) is an individual who donated DNA to every single living person, meaning we are all related to each other through him/her. Which statement best describes the human MRCA based on mitochondrial evidence? Group of answer choices A: A woman who lived in Siberia 40-50,000 years ago B: A woman who lived in Africa 200,000 to 300,000 years ago C: This person was the only human alive at some point D: The very first member of our species
Just as anatomical homology can lead to vestigial structuressuch as human wisdom teeth and the wings of flightlessbirds, genetic homology can lead to vestigial DNA sequences.For example, most mammal species produce an enzyme,L-gulonolactone oxidase, that catalyzes the last step in the productionof vitamin C. The species that produce the enzyme areable to do so because they all inherited the gene that encodesit from a common ancestor. Humans, however, do not produceL-gulonolactone oxidase, so we can’t produce vitamin C ourselvesand must consume it in our diets. But even though wedon’t produce the enzyme, our cells do contain a stretch of DNAwith a sequence very similar to that of the enzyme-producinggene present in rats and most other mammals. The human version,though, does not encode the enzyme (or any protein). Weinherited this stretch of DNA from an ancestor that we share withother mammal species, but in us, the sequence has undergonea change that rendered it nonfunctional. (The…
The original source of new alleles, upon which selection operates,is mutation, a random event that occurs without regard to selectionalvalue in the organism. Although many model organismshave been used to study mutational events in populations, someinvestigators have developed abiotic molecular models. Soll et al.(2006. Genetics 175:267–275) examined one such model to studythe relationship between both deleterious and advantageousmutations and population size in a ligase molecule composed ofRNA (a ribozyme). Soll found that the smaller the population ofmolecules, the more likely it was that not only deleterious mutationsbut also advantageous mutations would disappear. Whywould population size influence the survival of both types ofmutations (deleterious and advantageous) in populations?
99.9% of our DNA is the same across all humans worldwide. True or false?
19. Lumber lordosis or the inward 's-shapes' curve of the human spine, can be described as a ___ trait: or a trait that the human species have, but is not present in older species such as the last common ancestor that the lineage of human species shared with the last common ancestor to chimpanzees. a. Obtained b. Derived c. Evolved d. Primative
Steven Frank and Laurence Hurst argued that a cytoplasmically inherited mutation in humans that has severe effects in males but no effect in females will not be eliminated from a population by natural selection because only females pass on mtDNA (S. A. Frank and L. D. Hurst. 1996. Nature 383:224). Using this argument, explain why males with Leber hereditary optic neuropathy are more severely affected than females.
The use of nucleotide sequence data to measure genetic variabilityis complicated by the fact that the genes of many eukaryotesare complex in organization and contain 5' and 3' flankingregions as well as introns. Researchers have compared thenucleotide sequence of two cloned alleles of the y-globin gene from asingle individual and found a variation of 1 percent. Those differencesinclude 13 substitutions of one nucleotide for anotherand three short DNA segments that have been inserted in oneallele or deleted in the other. None of the changes takes placein the gene’s exons (coding regions). Why do you think this isso, and should it change our concept of genetic variation?
Rates of evolution appear to vary in different lin-eages. For example, the rate of evolution in the rat lineageis significantly higher than in the human lineage. Theserate differences are apparent whether one looks at changesin nucleotide sequences that encode proteins and are sub-ject to selective pressure or at changes in noncoding nucle-otide sequences, which are not under obvious selectionpressure. Can you offer one or more possible explanationsfor the slower rate of evolutionary change in the humanlineage versus the rat lineage?
Which, if any, of the following observations are consistent with the effect of purifying selection, and which, if any, are consistent with the effect of positive selection?a) Human populations that are accustomed to high-starch diets have comparatively higher copy numbers of the α-amylase gene.b) Telomere DNA sequences in vertebrates have tandem TTAGGG repeats c) Humans show very high levels of heterozygosity at the classical HLA loci.d) Human populations that live in more northerly latitudes have a high frequency of pale skin color.e) Human calmodulin and an ortholog in Drosophila each have 149 amino acid differences and differ at just four amino acid positions.
All of the following data types can be used as evidence of shared ancestry except similarities in _______. a. amino acid sequences b. embryonic development c. DNA sequences d. fossil morphologies e. form due to convergent evolution