Reactive Intermediates
In chemistry, reactive intermediates are termed as short-lived, highly reactive atoms with high energy. They rapidly transform into stable particles during a chemical reaction. In specific cases, by means of matrix isolation and at low-temperature reactive intermediates can be isolated.
Hydride Shift
A hydride shift is a rearrangement of a hydrogen atom in a carbocation that occurs to make the molecule more stable. In organic chemistry, rearrangement of the carbocation is very easily seen. This rearrangement can be because of the movement of a carbocation to attain stability in the compound. Such structural reorganization movement is called a shift within molecules. After the shifting of carbocation over the different carbon then they form structural isomers of the previous existing molecule.
Vinylic Carbocation
A carbocation where the positive charge is on the alkene carbon is known as the vinyl carbocation or vinyl cation. The empirical formula for vinyl cation is C2H3+. In the vinyl carbocation, the positive charge is on the carbon atom with the double bond therefore it is sp hybridized. It is known to be a part of various reactions, for example, electrophilic addition of alkynes and solvolysis as well. It plays the role of a reactive intermediate in these reactions.
Cycloheptatrienyl Cation
It is an aromatic carbocation having a general formula, [C7 H7]+. It is also known as the aromatic tropylium ion. Its name is derived from the molecule tropine, which is a seven membered carbon atom ring. Cycloheptatriene or tropylidene was first synthesized from tropine.
Stability of Vinyl Carbocation
Carbocations are positively charged carbon atoms. It is also known as a carbonium ion.
Explain how many types of reductions, differing in how H2 is added ?
The addition of hydrogen to alkynes or alkene leads to the reduction of the compound and reaction is known as Hydrogenation reaction.
There are 2 ways by which H2 reacts with alkyne and adds either as syn addition or by anti-addition.
Complete reduction:
- Alkyne reaction with H2 in the presence of metal then alkene is formed and there will be n syn or anti addition
Partial reduction:
- Alkyne reaction with H2 in presence of Lindlar catalyst, there is syn addition product formed because of cis addition of Hydrogen atom across double bonds.
- Alkyne reaction with Na/NH3, there is anti-addition of hydrogen atoms across double bonds.
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