Explain the differences between direct and indirect procedures inimmunoassay tests, giving examples.

Q: What is immunoassay? Differentiate direct and indirect immunoasay tests.

A: In immunology, antigen (Ag) refers to any particle or object that is capable of elucidating immune…

Q: Define the Recommended Immunization Schedule for Adults ?

A: Immunization or vaccination is a preventive health strategy that protects from disease by…

Q: Why is a false-positive more significant in HIV testing of patients than in screening donated blood…

A: HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) is defined as a virus that will attack the immune system of an…

Q: Identify the advantages of alternative immunization strategies as compared to traditional…

A: Immunization is the action where a person's immune system is protected from an external agent called…

Q: Explain the difference between the oral polio vaccine and the inactivated polio vaccine, and under…

A: Poliomyelitis is a virus infection. The poliovirus affects the brain, muscles, and spinal cord. The…

Q: Describe how testing for HIV infection is accomplished.

A: Generally, the testing for HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) is done in 2 steps that involves…

Q: Direct immunofluorescent tests use a labeled antibody to identifya. an unknown microbe b. an unknown…

A: Direct immuno-fluorescence(DIF) is a technique employed in the laboratory to diagnose skin, kidney,…

Q: What is the recommended method to identify an antibody causing a suspected ABO based HDN( Hemolytic…

A: Erythroblastosis fetalis is known as hemolytic disease of the newborn. The two main causes of this…

Q: Give examples of new agglutination tests used to diagnose viral and bacterial diseases.

A: The Agglutination tests are principally the antigen-antibody reaction which can be either direct or…

Q: Differentiate between the hypersensitivity reactions involvingan incompatible blood transfusion and…

A: Any condition that interferes with normal body functioning is considered a disease. Immunity is the…

Q: Explain how it is possible for people to give a false-positive reactionin blood tests for syphilis,…

A: Syphilis is caused by  bacterium Treponema pallidum. And it can be detected with blood test called…

Q: a. Seropositivity means having a blood serum that tests positive. Explain why it may or may not…

A: Infectious or non-infectious diseases could affect the body’s functioning. When blood serum is…

Q: Describe a method for conducting an allergy skin test.

A: The health caretakers apart from doctors and nurses there are many health professions. The skin…

Q: Enumerate and briefly explain the different types of vaccines. Give 2 examples each.

A: Vaccines are safe biological agents synthesized from pathological microbes that infect and cause…

Q: Differentiate the screening and confirmatory test for HIV.

A: HIV:- Human Immunodeficiency virus causes AIDS i.e. acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in human. In…

Q: Discuss host responses to infectious disease agents. Be sure to include herd immunity as a community…

A: The immune response of the host is sophisticated and effective at preventing bacterial infection and…

Q: state the difference between a qalitative and quanitative serological test

A: The serological tests lookout for antibodies formed in the body by the invasion of foreign proteins…

Q: Explain the reasons for changes in antibody titer for a singleinfectious agent, from the acute phase…

A: Antigen is a foreign particle or infectious agent which elicits the immune response in one body and…

Q: Relate examples of secondary immunodeficiencies.

A: Secondary diseases are obtained after birth and caused by either natural or immunosuppressive…

Q: Explain the two major classes of biologic response–modifying drugs: hematopoietic drugs and…

A: We can say that the disease is a condition that is caused due to deviation from the normal. The…

Q: describe the EIA test for HIV antibodies and state the significance of a positive HIV antibody test

A: HIV is a retroviruses whose genome is made up of RNA. The genome of RNA is surrounded or…

Q: Describe the method, time frame, and rationale for the tuberculinskin test. What component of the…

A: The tuberculin skin test is also known as Mendel–Mantoux test or Mantoux test. It is a tool used for…

Q: Identify about the Qualities of an effective vaccine.

A: The immune system protects our body from infections.

Q: Name 3 characteristics of a “good’ immunogen 2 sentences for each characteristics

A: An immunogen is a specific type of antigen that is able to elicit an immune response. Antibody…

Q: Explain the contribution of antigenic determinant is false negative and false positive tes

A: Antigenic determinants are the component of an antigen present on the surface that gets attached to…

Q: Explain why two separate tests are generally used to diagnose HIVinfection.

A: HIV stands for Human Immunodeficiency Virus. It is a positive strand enveloped RNA virus, belongs to…

Q: Outline the categories of immunodeficiency diseases.

A: Immunodeficiency disorders are those where the body's ability to fight infections against pathogens…

Q: Define the term passive immunization?

A: Immunization is a process in which an individual's immune system is boosted against an infectious…

Q: Name the technique which is used to detect HIV in Suspected AIDS patient?

A: Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), is a retrovirus that causes the Acquired Immune Deficiency…

Q: Write about the Immunomodulators agents? Please answer at your own words.

A: IMMUNOMODULATORS AGENTS:- A substance that can assist the body fight cancer, infection, or other…

Q: Describe the sources and uses of artificial passive immunizationand artificial active immunization…

A: Vaccination is an important thing that helps to develop an immune system that ultimately protects…

Q: Discuss the possibilities for effective immunization programsfor influenza and compare them to the…

A: Virus is a non-living pathogenic agent which depends on its host for survival. It is  composed of…

Q: Define VACCINE using 3 different techniques (historical references, ramifications and environment or…

A: Historical References. Vaccines are usually defined as the "biological or immunological substance…

Q: Which of the following vaccine types uses live but weakened pathogen to achieve vaccination?

A: Vaccines contain attenuated pathogens or killed pathogen or inactivated pathogen. Vaccines provides…

Q: Cite some important precautions in making blood smears. Give its rationale

A: The question is asking that what all precautions we have to take during blood smear preparation with…

Q: Identify the major categories of vaccine antigens, citingexamples.

A: Antigens are the protein molecules capable of inducing an immune response. Antibodies…

Q: Describe the cause, modes of transmission, andimplications for health professionals of…

A: Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a medical condition that involves a set of severe…

Q: Discuss how superantigens are different from other antigens andhow they contribute to pathology.

A: Superantigens (SAgs) are a class of antigens that result in excessive activation of the immune…

Q: How to perform a vaccine test and report on the findings, explain the findings what they mean with…

A: A vaccine test consists of multiple steps that includes basic research, clinical studies, side…

Q: Briefly explain the procedure of Paul-Bunnel Test in the diagnosis of Infectious Mononucleosis.

A: Infectious Mononucleosis is caused by the Epstein-Barr virus which causes the body to produce large…

Q: Briefly state the role microorganisms play in vaccine production.

A: A vaccine can be defined as a biological preparation that induces active acquired immunity against a…

Q: Determine the cell of the immune system responsible for processing antigen presented in a patch…

A: ANTIGEN PRESENTING CELL: A heterogeneous collection of immune cells called antigen presenting cells…

Q: state the significance of heterophile antibodies in serological testing

A: -Heterophile antibodies are the immunoglobulin-M or Ig M produced by the infected B -lymphocytes.…

Q: Interpret the outcome of direct and indirect immunofluorescentantibody testing.

A: Fluorescent Antibody techniques are utilized for the rapid visualization of bacteria that involves…

Hematology

Hematology is the branch of biology. Hematology is the medical field that deals with the treatment of blood disorders and cancers, such as hemophilia, leukemia, lymphoma, and sickle-cell anemia. Hematologists and hematopathologists are medical professionals who specialize in illnesses of the blood and its components.