Explain the intuition behind why market-based instruments (emissions taxes/tradeable permits) are cost-effective, whereas uniform standards are generally not. Provide a graph for a situation where market-based instruments would alleviate a particularly-large deadweight loss relative to the command-and-control “standards” policy. Then make an argument about why we generally need some mix of both policies in the context of (1) electricity consumption and (2) land conservation.
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Explain the intuition behind why market-based instruments (emissions taxes/tradeable permits) are cost-effective, whereas uniform standards are generally not. Provide a graph for a situation where market-based instruments would alleviate a particularly-large
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- Carbon dioxide emissions have been linked to worsening climate conditions. The following table lists some possible public policies aimed at reducing the amount of carbon dioxide in the air. For each policy listed, identify whether it is a command-and-control policy (regulation), tradable permit system, corrective subsidy, or corrective tax. Public Policy Command-and-Control Policy Tradable Permit System Corrective Subsidy Corrective Tax The government limits total carbon-dioxide emissions by all factories to 130,000 tons per decade. Each individual factory is given the right to emit 170 tons of carbon dioxide, and factories may buy and sell these rights in a marketplace. Trees take carbon dioxide out of the air and convert it to oxygen, so the government funds a tree-planting initiative by offering $480 to any citizen who plants a tree. The government orders every factory to adopt a new technology, which reduces…Consider two ways of protecting elephants from poachers in African countries. In one approach, the government sets up enormous national parks that have sufficient habitat for elephants to thrive and forbids all local people to enter the parks or to injure either the elephants or their habitat in any way. In a second approach, the government sets up national parks and designates 10 villages around the edges of the park as official tourist centers that become places where tourists can stay and bases for guided tours inside the national park. Consider the different incentives of local villagers—who often are very poor—in each of these plans. Which plan seems more likely to help the elephant population?Emission charges and cap-and-trade systems are the two dominant market incentive-based approaches for the reduction of emissions. Describe how an emission charge or tax works. Describe how a cap-and-trade system works. Contrast the two systems: what are the fundamental differences between them? Do those differences matter? Provide two examples of jurisdictions that impose a carbon tax. Provide two examples of jurisdictions that imposes a cap-and-trade regime. As the manager of a business that produces emissions, which system would you prefer to face? Why?
- While the traditional approach of U.S. government policies for environmental protection has had some level of success, some economists propose Group of answer choices a range of policies stipulating set limits governing pollutant emissions. stringent policies balancing industry profit goals and environmental quality. stringent policies that will return the environment to its former pristine quality. a range of more flexible, market-oriented pollution-control policies.Distinguish between a carbon-tax and a cap-andtrade strategy for reducing carbon dioxide and other so-called greenhouse gases (that are believed by many scientists to be causing global warming). Which of the two strategies do you think would have the most political support in an election in your home state? Explain your thinking.Explain how marketable emission credits add to overall economic efficiency, compared to across-the-board limitations on maximum discharges of air pollutants by firms.
- Which of the following statements about pollution taxes, cap and trade, or command-and-control standards is FALSE? a.) Pollution taxes strictly control the amount of pollution but leave marginal abatement costs to be determined by the market. Cap-and-trade programs strictly control marginal abatement costs but leave the actual amount of pollution to be determined by the overall level of economic activity. b.) Pollution taxes are unpopular in the U.S. because American companies tend to dislike taxes in general. However, pollution taxes offer firms some greater certainty about how large will be their marginal cost of abatement on the last unit of abatement they will need to do, if they are to minimize the costs they incur both for cleanup and for pollution taxes. c.) Both command-and-control pollution standards, and cap-and-trade programs, can effectively limit the total amount of pollution, but command and control will be least-cost only by accident. Usually,…In a cap-and-trade program that covers only two firms, suppose Firm A has linear marginal abatement costs that are twice as high as Firm B’s linear marginal abatement costs. Permits are handed out so that both firms need to reduce their emissions to meet their cap. With the initial allocation of permits, Firm A and Firm B are each required to do half of the total required abatement. Given this starting point: a.) Neither firm will be seeking to buy permits, because the initial allocation happens to be the least-cost allocation of abatement responsibility. b.) Firm A will be seeking to buy permits and Firm B will be willing to sell some. c.) Firm B will be seeking to buy permits and Firm A will be willing to sell some. d.)Both firms will be seeking to sell permits.Which of the following arguments best describes why the majority of economists would disagree with their statement? Tradable pollution permits in a free market is typically more efficient than government regulation. A corrective tax would result in a more efficient outcome than either tradable permits or government regulation would. The environment is so important that it should be protected as much as possible, regardless of the cost. Clean air is a fundamental right, and government regulation will allow too much pollution. Note:- Do not provide handwritten solution. Maintain accuracy and quality in your answer. Take care of plagiarism. Answer completely. You will get up vote for sure.
- Free-market environmentalism has the potential to improve environmental outcomes A. Because it forces individuals to cooperate with each other toward a common goal B. Because it relies on already existing markets to address environmental issues, thereby reducing transaction costs C. Because it recognizes the importance of aligning incentives of stakeholders D. Because it rejects the constraints of the Coase Theorem E. Because its goal is to maximize corporate wealth, which promotes environmentalism and improves environmental outcomesBush encroachment is a serious form of rangeland degradation. Discuss ecological and economic impacts of bush encroachmentConsider the main approaches to environmental policy— lawsuits, command-and-control laws and regulations, and economic policy tools. Describe an advantage and a disadvantage of each. Do you think any one approach is most effective? Could we do with just one approach, or does it help to have more?