Explain why the active site of poly(A) polymerase is much narrower than that of DNA and RNA polymerases.

Q: Explain how nucleotide incorporation errors by DNA polymerase can be repaired, and the role of…

A: DNA replication is a crucial process in the cell-division. It maintains the chromosome number inside…

Q: Explain in not more than 5 sentences. If deoxyribonucleotides that lack the 3’-OH groups are added…

A: Deoxyribonucleotides are the nucleotides which lacks a hydroxyl group at 2' OH of ribose sugar.…

Q: Once an RNA polymerase has initiated transcription, it will release the sigma factor or sigma…

A: Sigma (σ) factor is the peptide subunit needed for the initiation of RNA transcription in…

Q: DNA ligase has the ability to relax supercoiled circular DNA in the presence of AMP but not in its…

A: DNA ligase is the enzyme connecting two DNA strands together. It does so by bonding the phosphate…

Q: Name four major classes of DNA-binding proteins that are responsible for controlling transcription,…

A: Replication protein A Transcription factor  TAL effectors Zinc finger

Q: Describe the differences between the syntheses of the leading and lagging strands.

A: The process of replication refers to the method, in which Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) copies itself…

Q: Explain why all transposons include inverted repeats.

A: Transposable elements (TEs) are deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) sequences that move from one location to…

Q: Provide the complementary strand and the RNA transcription product for the following DNA template…

A: DNA( deoxyribonucleic acid) is the double-stranded molecule that is the genetic material in most…

Q: Which of the following represents the sequence of an RNA transcript for which the template strand of…

A: The deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is the nucleotide sequence that stores the genetic information of an…

Q: Briefly describe two of the tree functions of RNA polymerase

A: RNA polymerase is a catalytic enzyme that is liable for duplicating a DNA succession into a RNA…

Q: E. coli DNA polymerase V has the ability to bypass thymine dimers. However, Pol V tends to…

A: DNA polymerase is an enzyme, which helps to synthesize new complementary strands with the…

Q: Explain the mechanism for increasing DNA-transposon copy number.

A: Transposable substances are kind of genetic units that are mobile. They exhibit higher diversity in…

Q: What would be the likely effect of a mutation that prevents s from dissociating from the RNA…

A: RNA polymerase or DNA dependent RNA polymerase is an enzyme that synthesizes RNA from the template…

Q: Consider which of the five mutations is most likely to cause Duchenne muscular dystrophy in this…

A: Duchenne muscular dystrophy is a disease charecterised by muscular weakness due to lack of a protein…

Q: Give two reasons why both the strands are not copied during transcription?

A: Processes of synthesizing RNA from DNA with the help of an enzyme RNA polymerase is termed as…

Q: DNA ligase has the ability to relax supercoiled circular DNA in the presence of AMP but not in its…

A: The relaxed DNA is a type of conformation, which moves slowly in the gel of electrophoresis. The…

Q: Currently available in the marketplace are pills that supposedly increase telomerase activity. Based…

A: Telomerase is known as an enzyme whose activity is exhibited in gametes and tumor and stem cells. It…

Q: explain strand-slippage replication for STR mutation

A: Kornberg et al. proposed the idea in 1964, and it is also known as DNA slippage, polymerase…

Q: Give examples of the major structural motifs in DNA-binding proteins, and explain how they bind.

A: DNA binding proteins such as transcription factors recognize and bind a short nucleotide sequence,…

Q: explain why DNA polymerase 3 and not dna polymerase 1 is responsible for replicating the bacterial…

A: Replication is a process where the genome is duplicated into it's exact copy. In bacteria,…

Q: What would be the likely effect of a mutation that prevents σ from dissociating from the RNA…

A: After the initiation of the transcription, the RNA strand would elongate by the action of RNA…

Q: Describe an experimental approach to determining the processivity of a DNA polymerase (i.e., the…

A: Processivity is the average number of bases a polymerase enzyme will extend and incorporate base…

Q: .  Locate the -10 region hexanucleotide sequence in the following coding strand of DNA.  Indicate…

A: Transcription is a process through which the template strand of the DNA transcribes into mRNA in the…

Q: Explain the function of 7-methyl guanosine at 5' end of RNA transcript during initiation of…

A: After transcription, when the primary transcript has just been formed, it undergoes post…

Q: Explain why NTPs are used in DNA synthesis, rather than NDPs?

A: Four deoxyribonucleotide triphosphates (dNTP's) are required for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid (DNA)…

Q: Define and indicate the significance of DNA ligase

A: DNA ligase is an enzyme that can join two strands of DNA. It creates a phosphodiester bond between…

Q: Explain what would not occur if aminoacyl-tRNA synthatase was mutated and did not function.

A: tRNA or transfer RNA is the carrier RNA which acts as cargo to pick up the proper anticodons for the…

Q: Explain how DNA polymerase and topoisomerase 2 contribute to replication in E.coli and what is the…

A: It is principally selected to replication-obstructing DNA sores (lesions) to combine the early…

Q: Where does the energy of such reaction catalyzed by an RNA polymerase come from?

A: RNA polymerase catalyze the DNA dependent RNA synthesis. It catalyzes the process of transcription.

Q: Are there similarities between the DNA replication bubbles and the transcription bubbles found in…

A: Yes, there are similarities between the DNA replication bubbles and the transcription bubbles found…

Q: "Polymerase binding is never very efficient unless CAP is alsopresent to facilitate the process".…

A: A functional unit of DNA comprising a cluster of genes controlled by a single promoter is called an…

Q: The overall structures of RNA polymerase and DNA polymerase are very different, yet their active…

A: DNA polymerase help in DNA replication whereas RNA polymerase help in transcriptions. Both have…

Q: Explain why inserting 5 bp of DNA at the –50 position of a eukaryotic gene decreases the rate of RNA…

A: The process of transcription occurs in the nucleus, during which RNA molecule is synthesized from…

Q: Given the template DNA strand 3’-TACCCTCAAGGGCAAACT-5’, provide the complimentary DNA strand, mRNA,…

A: DNA is the genetic material of almost all living organisms. The DNA is inherited from the parents…

Q: Single-strand binding proteins keep the two parental strands of DNA separated from each other until…

A: Deoxyribonucleic acid or DNA is the genetic material that is passed on from the parents to the…

Q: The Tus-ter complex can arrest replication fork in one direction only, why this is necessary or what…

A: The Tus-Ter complex serves to coordinate DNA replication with chromosome segregation in few…

Q: Explain why a minimum of 32 tRNAs are required to translate the “standard” genetic code.

A: Genetic code is considered degenerate, where several amino acids are encoded by more than just one…

Q: Compare DNA polymerase and RNA polymerase from E. coli in regard to each of the following features:…

A: Introduction: DNA polymerases are the group of enzymes that catalyze the synthesis of DNA strands…

Q: Heparin is a polyanionic polysaccharide that blocks initiation by RNA polymerase by virtue of its…

A: RNA polymerase is a multi-subunit enzyme that catalyses the process of transcription where an RNA…

Q: Define and indicate the significance of (a) Okazaki fragments,(b) DNA ligase, and (c) primer RNA…

A: Introduction  DNA replication is very crucial for the continuation of life as every new daughter…

Q: DNA polymerase III in bacteria is responsible for initiating DNA replication by adding nucleotides O…

A: Introduction:-  Replication is a process by which a cell duplicates it's genetic material. There are…

Q: Telomerase activity has been found to be 10 to 20 times more active in cancer cells than in normal…

A: The telomere is considered as the end region of the DNA, which possesses a repetitive non-coding…

Q: Choose reactions that always require hydrolysis of ATP. Select all that apply. sliding along…

A: Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a double stranded helical genetic material containing thousands of…

Gene Interactions

When the expression of a single trait is influenced by two or more different non-allelic genes, it is termed as genetic interaction. According to Mendel's law of inheritance, each gene functions in its own way and does not depend on the function of another gene, i.e., a single gene controls each of seven characteristics considered, but the complex contribution of many different genes determine many traits of an organism.

Gene Expression

Gene expression is a process by which the instructions present in deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) are converted into useful molecules such as proteins, and functional messenger ribonucleic (mRNA) molecules in the case of non-protein-coding genes.