Fill up the table with necessary information Evidences Fossil Record Justification Examples Chemical and Anatomical Similarities Geographic Distribution Genetic Similarities Briefly answer the following questions (minimum of 10 words and maximum of 50 words) 1. How can gene flow result in changes in allele frequencies? 2. Why are smaller populations more affected by genetic drift? 3. How can sexual selection lead to highly exaggerated traits among males?

Fill up the table with necessary information Evidences Fossil Record Justification Examples Chemical and Anatomical Similarities Geographic Distribution Genetic Similarities Briefly answer the following questions (minimum of 10 words and maximum of 50 words) 1. How can gene flow result in changes in allele frequencies? 2. Why are smaller populations more affected by genetic drift? 3. How can sexual selection lead to highly exaggerated traits among males?

Human Heredity: Principles and Issues (MindTap Course List)

11th Edition

ISBN:9781305251052

Author:Michael Cummings

Publisher:Michael Cummings

Chapter19: Population Genetics And Human Evolution

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 10QP

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Three basic predictions underlie genetic drift in populations: (1) As long as the population size is finite,some level of genetic drift will occur; thus, withoutnew mutations, all variation will drift either to fixationor to loss. (2) Drift happens faster in small populationsthan in large populations. (3) The probability that anallele is fixed (goes to a frequency of 1.0) is equal toits initial frequency (p) in the population, while itsprobability of loss from the population due to drift isequal to 1 − p. Given these three predictions:a. What is the allele frequency of a new autosomalmutation immediately after it occurs in a diploidpopulation of size N = 100,000?b. What is the allele frequency of a new autosomalmutation immediately after it occurs in a diploidpopulation of size N = 10?c. In which population does the new mutation have ahigher probability of going to fixation by chancewith genetic drift?
Small population size causes genetic drift because ofchance sampling of different alleles from one generation to the next. We can predict how much geneticdrift occurs for a given population size using binomialsampling statistics. With a population of size N, wecan estimate that 95% of the time the allele frequency(p) in the next generation will be withinthe confidence interval of p ± 1.96 (√p(1 − p)2N ),where p(1 − p)2Nis an estimate of the statistical variancein allele frequencies from one generation to the nextwith random sampling of 2N alleles each generation. a. What is the confidence interval for p = 0.5 whenN = 100,000?b. What is the confidence interval for p = 0.5 whenN = 10?c. How are the results in parts (a) and (b) related tothe consequences of a population bottleneck?
For a locus with two alleles (B and b) in a population at riskfrom an infectious neurodegenerative disease, 16 individualshave the genotype BB, 92 individuals have Bb and 12individuals have bb. Use the Hardy-Weinberg equation todetermine whether this population appears to be evolving.
Two populations of snakes are separated by a river. The snakescross the river only on rare occasions. The snakes in the two populationslook very similar to each other, except that the members ofthe population on the eastern bank of the river have a yellow spoton the top of their head, whereas the members of the western populationhave an orange spot on the top of their head. Discuss twoexperimental methods that you might use to determine whether thetwo populations are members of the same species or members ofdifferent ones.
The evolution of a qualitative trait in reponse to natural selection is described by the following equation, R=h2 S a) What is h2 and what does it measure? b) Describe a study that would allow you to estimate h2 for a real population
In a certain population of frogs, 120 are green, 60 arebrownish green, and 20 are brown. The allele forbrown is denoted GB, while that for green is GG, andthese two alleles are incompletely dominant.a. What are the genotype frequencies in thepopulation?b. What are the allele frequencies of GBand GG inthis population?c. What are the expected frequencies of the genotypes if the population is at Hardy-Weinbergequilibrium?
A large, random mating population is started with thefollowing proportion of individuals for the indicatedblood types:0.5 MM0.2 MN0.3 NNThis blood type gene is autosomal, and the M and Nalleles are codominant.a. Is this population at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?b. What will be the allele and genotype frequenciesafter one generation under the conditions assumedfor Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?c. What will be the allele and genotype frequenciesafter two generations under the conditions assumedfor Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?
Under what scenaries is genetic drift most potent as an evolutionary process? how do factors like population size and initial allele frequences affect likelihood of an allele being lost from a population (or becoming fixed)?
Let’s suppose that weight in a species of mammal is polygenic, andeach gene exists as a heavy and light allele. If the allele frequenciesin the population are equal for both types of alleles (i.e., 50%heavy alleles and 50% light alleles), what percentage of individualswill be homozygous for the light alleles in all of the genesaffecting this trait, if the trait was determined by the followingnumber of genes?A. TwoB. ThreeC. Four
Inbreeding in a population causes a deviation fromHardy–Weinberg expectations such that there aremore homozygotes than expected. For a locus with arare deleterious allele at a frequency of 0.04, whatwould be the frequency of homozygotes for the deleterious allele in populations with inbreeding coefficientsof F = 0.0 and F = 0.125?
Define genetic drift and give three ways in which it can arise. Whateffect does genetic drift have on a population?
if a population of jumping spiders consists of 40 females and 40 males, what is the effective population size? Give the appropriate equation and show your work. Will genetic drift be an important evolutionary force in this population? Why or why not? If your answer is "yes", what does genetic drift do to allele frequencies? If your answer is "no", name two forces other than genetic drift that might be important in determining allele frequencies. asap