For cellular transduction, why is it useful that phosphorylation cascades have a series of protein kinases?   a. they amplify the original signal       b. they always lead to the same cellular response   c.  the number of molecules used is small and fixed   d. they are cell specific

Q: A mutation that knocks out the GTPase activity of a G protein would have what effect on a cell? a.…

A: (a) G protein would always be active

Q: The first step in the action of a growth factor isa. histone unwinding.b. binding to cell surface…

A: Answer is b.) binding to cell surface receptors.

Q: Explain how a kinase cascade works. Why is this advantageous in the context of hormone signaling?

A: When a signalling molecule (ligand) binds to the receptors on another another cell, a cascade of…

Q: Oncogenes show a of mutation, while tumor suppressor genes show a of mutations. is the process by…

A: Cancer is a group of diseases involving abnormal cell growth with the potential to invade or spread…

Q: A scientist notices that when she adds a small, watersoluble molecule to a dish of cells, the cells…

A: Enzyme-linked receptor activation causes many intracellular signalling proteins to be binded and…

Q: A signal transduction pathway leads to the regulation of one or more cellular activities. What does…

A: Signal transduction includes the binding of ligand to a receptor.

Q: How does an intracellular receptor regulate gene expression in the cell? Describe briefly what…

A: Intracellular receptors found inside the cell. Typically in the nucleus and cytoplasm. They are…

Q: Why are steroids able to diffuse across the plasma membrane? a. Their transport protein moves them…

A: Steroids are biological active compounds having four fused rings.All steroid are composed of four…

Q: Which is not a function of plasma membrane proteins? a. Recieving signals from outside the cell or…

A: The plasma membrane has the primary function of shielding the cell from its surroundings. Composed…

Q: Biology what specific signaling pathway is involved in priming the D/V axis and what cells are…

A: Insects are unique model species for studying human illnesses and determining medication sensitivity…

Q: Bt crops contain a gene leading to production of a toxin that kills herbivorous insects that consume…

A: Transgenic crops which produce the Bacillus thuringiensis toxin are known as Bt crops. They provide…

Q: Suppose that you joined a group of scientists working on a protein which has nuclear localization…

A: Nuclear transport alludes to the mechanisms by which particles get across the nuclear membrane of a…

Q: A experiment in which cancer cells were injected into the vein leading to the liver demonstrated:…

A: Cancer that spreads from where it started to a distant part of the body is called metastatic cancer

Q: This pertains to membrane transport and cell signaling. Give an example in animals and in plants…

A: Cell signaling is a process in which cells communicate with each other within the body. There are…

Q: Please choose one of these choices A. Since protein A is embedded in the membrane., the mutation…

A: Mutations are changes in the sequence of DNA which may or may not affect the structure of proteins.

Q: An agent that allows a cell to respond to changes in its environment istermeda. a cell surface…

A: Answer is  d.) a signal.

Q: A molecule that terminates or opposes a phosphorylation-mediated pathway would be a ... O a)…

A: Introduction: The phosphorylation reaction occurs in cascades or series, with one enzyme activating…

Q: Describe how specific molecules are used to change the gene expression of a gene in a cell. Explain…

A:

Q: What are the two major mechanisms through which cell signaling leads to a change in cell behavior?

A: Cells respond to the changes in their immediate environment. To cope up with such changes the cell…

Q: What is the sequence of events that takes place in cell signaling?

A: Cell signaling can be described as the cellular mechanism through which a cell is allowed to detect…

Q: Describe the roles of proto-oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes in controlling cell growth, and…

A: Oncogenesis is the process of inducing cancer in the body due to mutation in the genes. Oncogenes…

Q: A molecular biologist mutated a gene that encodes an enzyme (protein) that normally is secreted from…

A: Gene mutation  It is defined as the permanent alteration in the sequence of DNA that makes up the…

Q: Lipid-soluble signaling molecules, such as testosterone, cross the membrane of all cells but only…

A: The lipid-soluble hormones are lipophilic hormones that can easily diffuse through the plasma…

Q: What is the function of Ras during tyrosine kinase cell signaling? a. It activates the opening of…

A: Receptor tyrosine kinase is the second major type of cell surface receptor. The ligands for receptor…

Q: In 5-7 sentences. Provide a narrative overview of the function of the receptor including: The…

A: When an extracellular signal comes in contact with the specific receptor, the binding of…

Q: What is the function of a phosphatase? a. A phosphatase removes phosphorylated amino acids from…

A: Amino acids can be defined as the structural units that is known as monomers that make up  the…

Q: Describe how water-soluble ligands transmit a signal into a cell.

A: A ligand is a molecule that attaches to another molecule and, in some situations, sends a signal as…

Q: Use an example to describe tumor suppressors

A: Cancer is the state of uncontrolled cell division that has some genetic factors.

Q: Which describes an enzymatic activity/biochemical function of importin-beta? O hydrolyze GTP to GDP…

A: Importin is a karyopherin protein (the proteins used in transporting signals between the cytoplasm…

Q: The term cellular differentiation refers to (a) the loss of genes from cells. (b) the acquisition of…

A: Introduction  Life starts from a single celled-stage termed as Zygote which develop from the fusion…

Q: Briefly describe how a single signaling molecule signal is amplified inside a cell.

A: Signal transduction is the process of conversion of an extracellular signal into an intracellular…

Q: The repertoire of changes a cell can show depends on: A. which receptors for signaling molecules it…

A: Cellular adaptation is a term used in cell biology and pathophysiology to describe the changes that…

Q: Which describes a cellular role of RanGEF?

A: Correct answer is : maintain Ran in the GTP bound form in the nucleus.

Q: Where do DAG and IP3 originate? a. They are formed by phosphorylation of cAMP. b. They are ligands…

A: diacylglycerol (DAG) consist of two fatty acid chains covalently bonded to a glycerol molecule…

Q: Researchers use a technique call RNA interference to knock down (i.e. not completely gone) the Bcl-2…

A: RNA is the nucleic acids similar to the DNA and contains uracil instead of the thymine. It plays…

Q: 1. Epinephrine, norepinephrine, and pertide hormones affect target organ cells by: a) binding to…

A: Epinephrine is an hormone and Neurotransmitter in human beings which play important role in various…

Q: What will happen if an antagonistic compound disrupts the cellular machinery and prohibited the…

A: Eukaryotic cells contains RNA decay machinery that plays various essential roles in regulating both…

Q: A biochemist is designing a new drug that will mimic the shape and function of a particular…

A: Many chemicals, both natural and man-made, can imitate or interfere with the endocrine system, which…

Q: Enzymes that have binding sites for modulators are specifically called a. zymogens b. quaternary…

A: An enzyme modulator can be defined as a substance that binds to a receptor to change the receptor's…

Q: If a cell wants to directly affect transcription of genes by utilizing cell signaling which of the…

A: Signalling molecules or ligands  are those which carries the specific information. Signalling…

Q: Give examples of how mutations in signaling proteins can result in cancer

A: Mutations are a genetic phenomenon in which alterations in the sequence of nucleotides of DNA occur.…

Q: Please answer subquestions 1.a and 1.b   Question 1.a: A mutation in MAPK makes it constitutively…

A: mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) is a highly conserved protein kinase in eukaryotes and…

Q: Scaffold proteins (a) release kinases and phosphatases into the extracellular fluid (b) bind G…

A: Scaffold proteins play critical roles in many key flagging pathways. Despite the fact that…

Q: Compare and contrast cell signaling in prokaryotes and eukaryotes

A: "Cells" communicate via their own chemical signaling system. Different chemicals, such as hormones…

Q: Which type of molecule acts as a signaling molecule in yeasts? a. steroid b. autoinducer c. mating…

A: Yeasts are eukaryotic, single-celled microorganisms organized as members of the fungus kingdom. Many…

Q: What is apoptosis? a. A chemical that damages neurons b. A chemical that keeps neurons alive c. A…

A: Neurons are a type of cell present in the nervous system. Nervous system helps in maintaining the…

Q: Describe several specific examples of signaling pathways (celll cell communication)in animals and…

A: Q. Describe several specific examples of signaling pathways (celll cell communication)in animals and…

Q: Use the EGF Pathway passage to answer the questions. EGF signals by binding to cell surface EGF…

A: EGF (Epidermal Growth Factor) is a 53 amino acid residue small protein. It is involved in…

Cell Signaling

It allows cells to perform various cellular activities, coordinate, and interact with other cells. All cells of an organism receive signals from their environments and respond accordingly. Even the unicellular eukaryotes receive signals secreted by other cells and respond. In the case of yeast, mating takes place by signaling between the yeast cells. Communication by cell signaling in a multicellular organism has become a vast and important part of various fields of biology.