Galactosemia is a rare autosomal recessive disease that causes mental retardation. Individuals with galactosemia never reproduce. In a large human population the frequency of individuals with galactosemia is 1 in 118 000. Calculate the rate of mutation to the galactosemia allele, assuming mutation-selection equilibrium in the population.
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- The forward mutation rate for piebald spotting in guinea pigs is 8 × 10-5;the reverse mutation rate is 2 × 10-6. If no other evolutionary forces areassumed to be acting, what is the expected frequency of the allele forpiebald spotting in a population that is in mutational equilibrium?The reason spontaneous mutations do not have an immediate effect on allele frequencies in a large population is that: a. mutations are random events, and mutations may be eitherbeneficial or harmful. b. mutations usually occur in males and have little effect oneggs. c. many mutations exert their effects after an organism hasstopped reproducing. d. mutations are so rare that mutated alleles are greatlyoutnumbered by nonmutated alleles. e. most mutations do not change the amino acid sequence of aprotein.Consider the following estimates:(a) There are 7 x 109 humans living on this planet.(b) Each individual has about 20,000 (0.2 * 105) genes.(c) The average mutation rate at each locus is 10-5.How many spontaneous mutations are currently present inthe human population? Assuming that these mutations areequally distributed among all genes, how many new mutationshave arisen in each gene in the human population?
- An hypothesis for the extinction of the dinosaurs is that the earth had been hit by a gigantic meteor that caused the death of those big reptiles. In that case the entire genetic pool of those animals has been destroyed, invalidating the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. In Genetics what is this type of gene frequency change called?The original source of new alleles, upon which selection operates,is mutation, a random event that occurs without regard to selectionalvalue in the organism. Although many model organismshave been used to study mutational events in populations, someinvestigators have developed abiotic molecular models. Soll et al.(2006. Genetics 175:267–275) examined one such model to studythe relationship between both deleterious and advantageousmutations and population size in a ligase molecule composed ofRNA (a ribozyme). Soll found that the smaller the population ofmolecules, the more likely it was that not only deleterious mutationsbut also advantageous mutations would disappear. Whywould population size influence the survival of both types ofmutations (deleterious and advantageous) in populations?Describe autotrophy and heterotrophy and provide a few examples of each that illustrate the diversity of how organisms obtain energy. What trade-offs are associated with the heterotrophic consumption of live animals versus dead plant materials? Why is the mutation critical to the formation of new alleles and central to the evolutionary process? Give examples and explain in terms of allele frequency change
- Imagine a population of mice living in a grey, rocky environment. Some mice are grey and some are brown. If natural selection occurs in this population, what would you expect to see if you returned in 100 mouse generations? Describe what you'd see in terms of fur colors in the population. Imagine a population of mice living in a grey, rocky environment. Some mice are grey and some are brown. If mutations occur in this population, what could you see if you returned in 100 mouse generations, that would tell you mutations had occurred? Describe what you'd see in terms of fur colors in the population, and how it would be different from what you'd see in #2.A genetic mutation that causes deafness in humans has an autosomal recessive pattern of inheritance. In a study of a population of 235 Turkish children, 48 displayed the recessive phenotype. The frequency of the heterozygous genotype in the population of Turkish children described above is?Suppose 40 percent of people living in a remote, isolated mountain village can taste phenylthiocarbamide (PTC) and must, therefore, have at least one copy of the dominant PTC taster allele. If this population conforms to Hardy-Weinberg expectations for this gene, what percentage of the population must be heterozygous for this trait? Please explain how you got your answer.
- Consider the first copy of an allele for insecticideresistance that arises by mutation in a populationof insects exposed to an insecticide. Is this mutation an adaptation? If, after some generations,we find that most of the population is resistant,is the resistance an adaptation? If we discovergenetic variation for insecticide resistance in apopulation that has had no experience of insecticides, is the variation an adaptation? If an insectpopulation is polymorphic for two alleles, eachof which confers resistance against one of twopesticides that are alternately applied, is thevariation an adaptation? Or is each of the tworesistance traits an adaptation?In a study of the alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) enzyme in a population of Drosophila melanogaster, a researcher finds the following allele frequencies for the Fast (F) and Slow (S) alleles of the gene: FF=0.81, FS=0.18, SS=0.01. What is the allele frequency of the F allele?In a population with 1000 individuals and at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, the frequency of individuals with galactosemia is 4%.a. What are the frequencies of the dominant and recessive alleles?b. What is the expected frequency of the homozygous dominant in the population?c. What would be the expected frequency of the heterozygous dominant after five generations?